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Oscillator

Oscillators generate periodic waveforms without an external input signal. There are three main types: RC oscillators like the Wien bridge and phase-shift oscillators which use resistor-capacitor circuits; LC oscillators like the Colpitts and Hartley which use inductors and capacitors; and relaxation oscillators like the unijunction transistor oscillator. For an oscillator to operate, the loop gain of the feedback network must be unity with zero phase shift, following Barkhausen's criterion. Oscillators have many applications including use as local oscillators in receivers, carriers in transmitters, and clocks in digital systems.

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Harshit Garg
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82 views

Oscillator

Oscillators generate periodic waveforms without an external input signal. There are three main types: RC oscillators like the Wien bridge and phase-shift oscillators which use resistor-capacitor circuits; LC oscillators like the Colpitts and Hartley which use inductors and capacitors; and relaxation oscillators like the unijunction transistor oscillator. For an oscillator to operate, the loop gain of the feedback network must be unity with zero phase shift, following Barkhausen's criterion. Oscillators have many applications including use as local oscillators in receivers, carriers in transmitters, and clocks in digital systems.

Uploaded by

Harshit Garg
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Oscillators

Introduction

 Oscillator is an electronic circuit that generates a


periodic waveform on its output without an external
signal source. It is used to convert dc to ac.
 Oscillators are circuits that produce a continuous signal
of some type without the need of an input.
 These signals serve a variety of purposes.
 Communications systems, digital systems (including
computers), and test equipment make use of oscillators
Types of oscillators

1. RC oscillators
 Wien Bridge
 Phase-Shift
2. LC oscillators
 Hartley
 Colpitts
 Crystal
3. Unijunction / relaxation oscillators
Basic principles for oscillation

 An oscillator is an amplifier with positive feedback.

Ve Vo
Vs A
+
Ve  Vs  V f (1) Vf
b
V f  βVo (2)

Vo  AV e  AVs  V f   AVs  βVo  (3)


Basic principles for oscillation
Vo  AV e
 AVs  V f   AVs  βVo 
Vo  AV s  A Vo

1  A Vo  AV s

 The closed loop gain is:

Vo A
Af  
Vs 1  Aβ 
Basic principles for oscillation

 In general A and  are functions of frequency and thus


may be written as;

A f s  
Vo
s   As 
Vs 1  As β s 

As β s  is known as loop gain


Basic principles for oscillation

 WritingT s   As β s the


 loop gain becomes;
As 
A f s  
1  T s 

 Replacing s with j
A jω
A f  jω 
1  T  jω

 and T  jω  A jωβ  jω


Basic principles for oscillation

 At a specific frequency f0

T  jω0   A jω0 β  jω0   1

 At this frequency, the closed loop gain;

A jω0 
A f  jω0  
1  A jω0 β  jω0 

will be infinite, i.e. the circuit will have finite output


for zero input signal - oscillation
Basic principles for oscillation

 Thus, the condition for sinusoidal oscillation of


f
frequency 0 is;

A jω0 β  jω0   1

 This is known as Barkhausen criterion.


 The frequency of oscillation is solely determined by the
phase characteristic of the feedback loop – the loop
oscillates at the frequency for which the phase is zero.
Design Criteria for Oscillators

1. The magnitude of the loop gain must be unity or


slightly larger
Aβ  1 – Barkhaussen criterion

2. Total phase shift, of the loop gain mus t be Nx360°


where N=0, 1, 2, …
RC OSCILLATOR
Wien-bridge Oscillator
 It is a low frequency oscillator which ranges from a few
kHz to 1 MHz.
Wien-bridge Oscillator

 The loop gain for the oscillator is;


 R2  Z p 
T s   As β s    1  
 R1  Z p  Z s 

 where; R
Zp 
1  sRC

 and; 1  sRC
Zs 
sC
Wien-bridge Oscillator
 R2   1 
T s    1    
 R1  3  sRC  1 /sRC  
 Hence;

 Substituting for s;
 R2   1 
T  j   1   
  
 R1  3  j RC  1 /j RC 

 For oscillation frequency f0

 R2   1 
T  j 0    1   
  
 R1  3  j  0 RC  1 /j  0 RC  
Wien-bridge Oscillator

 Since at the frequency of oscillation, T(j) must be


real (for zero phase condition), the imaginary
component must be zero;
1
j0 RC  0
j0 RC

 which gives us
1
0 
RC
1
j0 RC  0
j0 RC
1
 j0 RC  
j0 RC
 ( j0 RC ) 2  1
 j 2 0 RC   1
2

 1.0 RC   1
2

 0 RC   1
2

 0 RC  1
1
 0 
RC
Wien-bridge Oscillator

 From the previous eq. (for oscillation frequency f0),

 R2   1 
T  j 0    1   
  
 R1  3  j  0 RC  1/j  0 RC  
 the magnitude condition is;
 R2  1   R2  1  R2
1  1     1      3 1  2
 R1  3  0   R1  3  R1
Wien-bridge Oscillator

 With the ratio;


R2
2
R1
 then;
R2
K  1 3
R1

K = 3 ensures the loop gain of unity – oscillation


 K > 3 : growing oscillations
 K < 3 : decreasing oscillations
Phase-Shift Oscillator

 The phase shift oscillator utilizes three RC circuits to


provide 180º phase shift that when coupled with the
180º of the op-amp itself provides the necessary
feedback to sustain oscillations.
 The gain must be at least 29 to maintain the
oscillations.
 The frequency of resonance for the this type is similar
to any RC circuit oscillator:

1
fr 
2 6 RC
LC Oscillators

 Use transistors and LC tuned circuits or crystals in their


feedback network.
 For hundreds of kHz to hundreds of MHz frequency
range.
 Examine Colpitts, Hartley and crystal oscillator.
Unijunction Oscillator

 The unijunction
transistor can be used in
what is called a
relaxation oscillator as
shown by basic circuit as
follow.
 The unijunction oscillator
provides a pulse signal
suitable for digital-circuit U
applications.
J
 Resistor RT and capacitor T
CT are the timing
components that set the
circuit oscillating rate
Application of Oscillators

 Oscillators are used to generate signals, e.g.


 Used as a local oscillator to transform the RF signals to IF
signals in a receiver;
 Used to generate RF carrier in a transmitter
 Used to generate clocks in digital systems;
 Used as sweep circuits in TV sets and CRO.

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