• CIS 112 Computer Technology

– Lectuerer: Karabo Macheng

– Email: [email protected]

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Chapter 1
Introduction to the World of Technology

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 Learning Objectives (1)

• Explain why it is essential to learn about computers

today and discuss several ways computers are integrated
into our business and personal lives.
• Define a computer and describe its primary operations.
• List some important milestones in computer evolution.
• Identify the major parts of a personal computer,
including input, processing, output, storage, and
communications hardware.
• Define software and understand how it is used to instruct
the computer what to do.

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 Learning Objectives (2)

• List the six basic types of computers, giving at least one

example of each type of computer and stating what that
computer might be used for.
• Explain what a network, the Internet, and the World
Wide Web are, as well as how computers, people, and
Web pages are identified on the Internet.
• Describe how to access a Web page and navigate through
a Web site.
• Discuss the societal impact of computers, including some
benefits and risks related to their prominence in our
society.
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 Overview

• This chapter covers:

– What computers are, how they work, and how they are
used
– Computer terminology
– An overview of the history of computers
– The basic types of computers in use today
– How to access resources on the Internet
– The societal impact of computers

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 Why Learn About Computers and
Technology?
• Pervasive computing
– Also known as ubiquitous computing (found everywhere)
– Computers are everywhere and have become an integral
part of our lives
• Before 1980
– Computers were large and expensive
– Very few people had access to them
– Computers were mostly used for high-volume
processing tasks

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 Early Personal Computer Use

• Early 1980s
– Microcomputers (inexpensive personal computers) were
invented
– Dramatic increase in computer use
• Early 1990s
– The World Wide Web (WWW) and the graphical Web
browser were invented
– Increased the purchase and use of computers for personal
use

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 Computers and Technology Today

• Most U.S. households have a computer or smartphone,

and most individuals use a computer device at work
• Electronic devices are converging into single units with
multiple capabilities, such as to:
– Check e-mail on living room television
– Make telephone calls via a computer
– View Internet content on a smartphone
• Computer literacy (understanding what a computer is
and how it works) is an essential skill for everyone

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 Convergence

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 Computing Devices in the Home

• Computers are used for a variety of tasks:

– Looking up information and news
– Exchanging e-mail
– Shopping and paying bills
– Watching TV, videos, and movies
– Downloading music and movies
– Organizing digital photographs
– Playing games
– Making vacation plans
– Other reference, productivity, or entertainment tasks

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 Computing Devices in the Home
(cont’d)
• Common technologies
– Wireless networking
• Computers can be used in nearly any location
– Smart appliances
• Traditional appliances with built-in computer or
communication technology
– Smart homes
• Household tasks are monitored and controlled by a
main computer in the house or a smartphone

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 Computing Devices in Education

• Most children and teens have used computers all their lives
• Computer labs and classrooms
– Most students today have access to computers at school
– Some schools integrate e-books into the curriculum
– Some schools supply or require a device
• Wireless hotspots
– Allow students to access the Internet and campus resources
• Distance learning
– Students participate from locations other than the traditional
classroom setting using computers and Internet access

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 Examples of Computing Devices in
Education

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 Computing Devices on the Job

• Computers have become a universal on-the-job tool

– Used by all types of employees
– Used for decision-making, productivity, and
communications
– Used for access control and other security measures
– Used by service professionals
– Used extensively by the military
– Often requires periodically updating computer skills
– Some jobs exist because computers exist

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 Examples of Computing Devices on the
Job

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 Computing Devices on the Go

• Computers are encountered in nearly every aspect of

daily life
– Consumer kiosks
– ATM transactions
– POS systems at retail stores
– Self-checkout systems
– Consumer authentication systems
– Portable computers
– Smartphones and smart watches
– GPS systems

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 Examples of Computing Devices on the
Go

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 Technology and You

Restaurant iPad Ordering Systems

• Used in conjunction with e-menus
• Customers can place and pay for orders
• Can provide more resources to customers

Restaurant iPad
ordering system.

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 What Is a Computer and What Does It
Do?
• A computer is a programmable, electronic device that
accepts data, performs operations on that data, and stores
the data
– Its instructions, called programs, determine the tasks the
computer will perform
• Basic operations (the IPOS cycle)
– Input: Entering data into the computer
– Processing: Performing operations on the data
– Output: Presenting the results
– Storage: Saving data, programs, or output for future use
– Communications: Sending or receiving data
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• \\sesigo\studentdata\computing\ct

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 The IPOS Cycle

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 Data vs. Information

• Data is raw, unorganized facts

– Can be in the form of text, graphics, audio, or video
• Information is data that has been processed into a
meaningful form
– Information processing is the conversion of data into
information

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 Computers Then and Now:
Precomputers and Early Computers
• The computer as we know it is a fairly recent invention
• The history of computers is often referred to in terms of
generations
• Each new generation is characterized by a major
technological development
• Precomputers and early computers (before approx. 1946)
– Abacus, slide rule, mechanical calculator
– Punch Card Tabulating Machine and Sorter

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 Computers Then and Now:
First and Second Generation Computers
• First-generation computers (1946-1957)
– Enormous and powered by vacuum tubes
– Used a great deal of electricity and generated a lot of heat
– ENIAC and UNIVAC
• Second-generation computers (1958-1963)
– Used transistors
– Computers were smaller, more powerful, cheaper, more
energy-efficient, and more reliable
– Punch cards and magnetic tape were used for input
– Punch cards and paper were used for output
– Magnetic tape was used for storage
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 Computers Then and Now:
Third and Fourth Generation Computers
• Third-generation computers (approximately 1964–1970)
– Used integrated circuits (ICs), which consist of transistors and
electronic circuits on a single tiny silicon chip
– Keyboards were used for input; monitors for output
– Hard drives were used for storage
• Fourth-generation computers (approximately 1971–
present)
– Use microprocessors, which contain the core processing of an
entire computer on a single chip
– Keyboards and mice are used for input; monitors and
printers for output; hard drives, flash memory media, and
optical discs for storage
– Networks and the Internet were developed
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25
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Computers Then and Now:
Fifth Generation Computers
• Fifth-generation (now and the future)
– Most commonly defined as being based on artificial
intelligence (AI)
– Some aspects like voice and touch
input are used today
– Future computers may be different,
such as:
• Optical computers
• Tiny computers that utilize
nanotechnology
• General-purpose computers
built into everyday devices
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 Hardware

• Hardware is the physical parts of a computer

– Internal hardware
• Located inside the main box (system unit) of the
computer
– External hardware
• Located outside the system unit
• Connect to the computer via a wired or wireless
connection
– Hardware devices are associated with all five computer
operations

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 Input, Processing and Output Devices

• Input devices
– Used to input data into the computer
– Include keyboards, mice, scanners, cameras, microphones,
pens, touch pads, touch screens, fingerprint readers, etc.
• Processing devices
– Includes the central processing unit (CPU), which performs
calculations and controls the computer’s operation
– Also includes additional processors, such as the graphics
processing unit (GPU), and memory
• Output devices
– Present results to the user
– Includes monitors, printers, speakers, headphones, etc.
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 Storage and Communications Devices

• Storage devices
– Used to store data on or access data from
storage media
– Include hard drives, CD/DVD discs and drives,
USB flash drives, etc.
• Communications devices
– Allow users to communicate with others and to
electronically access remote information
– Includes modems, network adapters, routers, etc.

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 Examples of Hardware

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 Software

• Software is the program or instructions used to tell the

computer hardware what to do
– System software allows the computer to operate
• Includes the operating system, which starts up the
computer and controls its operation
• Without an operating system, a computer cannot function
• The operating system boots the computer and launches
programs at the user’s direction
• Most use graphical objects to interact with the user via
icons, buttons, tiles, etc.
• Includes Windows, OS X, Linux, Android, iOS, etc.
• The Windows desktop is the work area for Windows PCs
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 The Windows Desktop

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 Application Software (Apps)

• Application software (apps) perform specific tasks or

applications
– Creating letters, budgets, etc.
– Managing inventory and customer databases
– Editing photographs
– Scheduling appointments
– Viewing Web pages
– Exchanging e-mail
– Burning DVDs
– Designing homes
– Playing games, watching videos, listening to music
– Writing computer programs and creating Web pages
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 Examples of Application Software

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 Computer Users and Professionals

• Computer users (end users) use a computer to perform

tasks or to obtain information
• Computer professionals include:
– Programmers
• Write programs that computers use
– Systems analysts
• Design computer systems
– Computer operations personnel
• Manage day-to-day computer operations
– Security specialists
• Secure computers and networks against hackers
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 Quick Quiz (1)

1. Which of the following was not a first generation computer?

a. IBM PC
b. UNIVAC
c. ENIAC
2. True or False: Microsoft Windows is an example of an
operating system.
3. Speakers are an example of a(n) _____________ device.

Answers:
1) a; 2) True; 3) output

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• Be back at 11:26

Break…..

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 Computers To Fit Every Need

• Six basic categories of computers:

– Embedded computers
– Mobile devices
– Personal computers
– Servers
– Mainframe computers
– Supercomputers

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 Embedded Computers

• An embedded computer is designed to perform specific

tasks or functions for the product in which it is
embedded
– Household appliances
– Thermostats
– Sewing machines
– Treadmills
– Answering machines
– Cars
– Self-driving cars
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 Mobile Devices

• A mobile device is a very small device with some type of

built-in computing or Internet capability
– Typically has a small screen
and keyboard
– Many use voice or touch input
– Can perform Internet searches,
pay for products, and view
documents
– Include smartphones, handheld
gaming devices, tablets,
and smart watches

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 Trend

Apple Watch
• Designed to work in
conjunction with an iPhone for
much of its functionality
• Launch apps and select
options via touch
• Also supports voice input
• Apple Pay enables you to make
payments via a store’s
contactless payment terminal
Apple Watch

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 Inside the Industry

Smartphone Driver Licenses

• Several states are currently testing,
and likely implementing, digital
driver licenses (DDLs)
• DDLs resemble your paper driver
license, and contain the same
information
• DDLs are mobile apps that can
contain additional features
• Some issues need to be resolved
before widespread use
A smartphone driver license.
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 Personal Computers (PCs)

• A personal computer (PC) is a small computer designed

to be used by one person at a time
– Originally called a microcomputer
– Available in different sizes and shapes
• Desktop computers
– Sit on or next to a desk
– Tower case, desktop case,
or all-in-one
– PC or Macintosh
– Not portable

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 Portable Computers

• A portable computer is designed to be carried around

easily
– Notebook (laptop) computers
• Typically use a clamshell design
– Tablet computers
• Usually use a digital pen/stylus or touch screen
• No physical keyboard; on-screen or attached keyboard
– Hybrid notebook-tablet computers
• Can function as either a notebook or a tablet
– Netbooks
• Smaller; designed for accessing Internet resources
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 Examples of Portable Computers

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 Thin Client and Internet Appliances

• A thin client is designed to utilize a network for much of

its processing
– Advantages include lower cost, increased security, and
easier maintenance
– Disadvantages include limited or no local storage and the
inability to function if the network is down
• An Internet appliance is an ordinary device that can be
used for accessing the Internet
– Some use apps to deliver news, sports scores, weather,
music, and other Web-based information
– Include smart TVs, refrigerators, and other appliances
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 Servers

• A server is a midrange computer used to host programs

and data for a small network
– Users connect via a network with a
computer, thin client, or dumb terminal
– Virtualization refers to creating virtual
rather than actual server
environments
• Used to share a server
for increased efficiency
• Desktop virtualization delivers
a user’s desktop to his or her
current device
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 Mainframe Computers

• A mainframe computer is a powerful computer used by

many large organizations to manage large amounts of
centralized data
– Often used in hospitals, universities, large businesses, banks,
government offices, etc.
– Located in climate-controlled data centers and connected to
the rest of the company computers via a network
– Runs programs to meet the needs of a wide variety of users, as
well as large processing tasks during off hours
– Often uses virtualization; used for new and emerging needs
such as processing data from smart meters and running social
networks
– Also called high-end servers or enterprise-class servers
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 Example of a Mainframe Computer

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 Supercomputers

• A supercomputer is the fastest, most expensive, most

powerful type of computer
– Generally run one program at a time, as fast as possible
– New applications include hosting extremely complex Web
sites and three-dimensional applications
– Can cost several million dollars each
– Tend to be very large and contain a large number of
processors
– Example: Titan is one of the fastest computers in the world
• Contains more than 300,000 processors
• Peak speed is 27,000 calculations per second
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 Example of a Supercomputer

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 Quick Quiz (2)

1. A tablet computer is an example of a(n) _____________.

a. desktop computer
b. portable computer
c. Internet appliance
2. True or False: The terms mainframe computer and
supercomputer are interchangeable; both refer to the
largest, most powerful computers.
3. A smartphone is an example of a(n) _____________.

Answers:
1) b; 2) False; 3) mobile device
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 Computer Networks and the Internet

• A computer network is a collection of hardware and

other devices that are connected together
– Users can share hardware, software, and data
– Users can communicate with each other
– Users can share an Internet connection
– Most computers and mobile devices today connect to a
computer network
– Examples include small and large business networks,
school networks, home networks, public wireless
networks, and mobile telephone networks

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 Example of a Computer Network

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 What Are the Internet and the
World Wide Web?
• The Internet is the largest/most well-known computer
network in the world
– Individuals connect using an Internet service provider (ISP)
– ISPs connect to regional networks, which connect to
backbone networks, which connect to form the Internet
• The World Wide Web (Web) is one resource (a vast
collection of Web pages) available through the Internet
– Web pages typically contain hyperlinks
– Web sites contain Web pages stored on Web servers
– Web pages are viewed using a Web browser (Edge, Internet
Explorer (IE), Chrome, Safari, Firefox, Opera, etc.)
– Web pages offer a wide variety of information and uses
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56
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 Examples of Common Web Activities

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 Accessing a Network or the Internet

• Need a network adapter to connect

• Many networks require a username and password
• Internet connections can be:
– Direct (always-on) connections
– Dial-up connections
• Internet addresses access resources on the Internet
– The most common types of Internet addresses:
• IP addresses and domain names (to identify computers)
• Uniform Resource Locator (URL) identifies Web pages
• E-mail addresses (username) identifies person)

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 IP Addresses and Domain Names

• An IP (Internet Protocol) address

is a numeric address that
identifies computers (such as
134.170.185.46)
• A domain name is a name (such
as microsoft.com) that
corresponds to an IP address
– The top-level domain (TLD) is
the far right part of the name
and identifies the type of the
organization
or its location
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 Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)

• A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) uniquely identifies a

Web page
– It indicates:
• The protocol or standard being used, such as:
– http:// for Web pages
– https:// for secure Web pages
– ftp:// for some file transfers
• The Web server hosting the page
• The names of the folders in which the Web page file is
stored
• The Web page’s filename
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 Example of a Web Page URL

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 E-Mail Addresses

• An e-mail address consists of:

– A username
• An identifying name (unique within a domain name)
– The @ symbol
– The domain name for the computer that will be handling
the person’s e-mail (mail server)
• Pronouncing Internet addresses

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 How It Works

Cloud Computing
• Resources stored on computers
in a “cloud” of computers
rather than on users’
computers
• Resources are available on
demand, accessible to any
Web-enabled device
• Cloud data is safe if the device
is lost, stolen, or damaged
– Google Docs and Google
Drive are shown here
Google Drive and Docs.
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 Surfing the Web

• A Web browser is used to display Web pages

• The browser’s starting page or home page is the first
page displayed when the browser is opened
– Users can change their browser’s home page
– From the home page, other Web pages can be accessed
• To view a Web page:
– Type a URL in the Address bar
– Click a hyperlink (graphics or text linked to other Web
pages) located on a Web page
– Choose a Web page saved as a Favorite/bookmark or a
Web page from the History List
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 Searching the Web

• A search site is a Web page

that help you locate Web
pages and other resources
– Typically search using
keywords
• Reference sites are designed
to let you look up addresses,

telephone numbers, ZIP

codes, maps, and other
reference information
– You can find reference
sites using a search site
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 65
 E-Mail

• Electronic mail (e-mail) is the process of exchanging

electronic messages between individuals over a network
– One of the most widely used Internet applications
– Can be sent and received via an installed e-mail program, or
a Web mail service or app
• Conventional Web-Based
• Microsoft Outlook Gmail
• OS X Mail Outlook.com
• Can contain photos and other attached files
• Mobile e-mail may be charged against data usage
• Other types of mobile communications include text
messages and multimedia messages
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 66
 How E-Mail Works

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 Technology and Society: Benefits

• The vast improvements in technology over the past

decade have had a distinct impact on daily life, at home,
and at work
• Benefits of a technology-oriented society include:
– Design before construction leads to safer products
– Earlier medical diagnoses and more effective treatment
– Devices that allow physically and/or visually challenged
individuals to perform job tasks
– Documents e-mailed or faxed in moments
– Download information, music, movies, and more on
demand
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 Technology and Society: Risks

• Risks of a technology-oriented society include:

– Stress and health concerns
– Security issues
• Computer viruses and malware
• Identity theft and phishing
– Privacy issues
• Spam
• How collected data is used
• How secure the collected data is

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 Technology and Society: Online
Communications
• Differences in online communications
– Less formal than traditional communications
– Netiquette
• Be polite and considerate of others
• Refrain from offensive remarks
– Abbreviations (acronyms) and emoticons are often used
• Acronyms, such as BTW (by the way)
• Emoticons (typically illustrations of faces), such as 

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 Technology and Society: Netiquette

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 Technology and Society: Anonymity
and Integrity
• The anonymity factor
– Online communications can be anonymous
– Anonymity gives many individuals a sense of freedom
– Online anonymity can also be abused
• Information integrity
– Use common sense when evaluating online content
– Check your sources—not all information on the Internet is
accurate
– Double-check information before using it or passing it on
to others

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 Quick Quiz (3)

1. Index.html is an example of a(n) _____________.

a. URL
b. IP address
c. Web page filename
2. True or False: All information published to Web pages is
accurate.
3. In the e-mail address [email protected], abc.com is the
_____________.
 
Answers:
1) c; 2) False; 3) domain name
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 Summary

• Technology in Your Life

• What is a Computer and What Does It Do?
• Computers to Fit Every Need
• Computer Networks and the Internet
• Technology and Society

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