ENDOGENIC

PROCESS
MS. CHERRY GRACE P. CUETO
OBJECTIVES:

 recognize the sources and significance of the Earth's

internal heat;
 explain the requirements for magma generation;
 discuss metamorphism;
 explain how rock layers or materials undergo stress; and
 create a simple map showing places where erosion and
landslides may pose risks in the community.
ENDOGENIC
PROCESSES
It is driven by energy and
forces deep within Earth.
They comprise volcanic,
tectonic, and isostatic
processes, which shaped
the surfaces of all Earth.
Endogenic processes
manifested through
magma, volcano,
earthquake,
deformation, and
metamorphism.
 HEAT ENERGY
Heat Energy plays a vital role in our planet. It is one of
the extreme factors that makes the world liveable. All matter
is made up of molecules and atoms. These atoms are always
in different types of motion (transactional, rotational, and
vibrational). The motion of atoms and molecules creates heat
or thermal energy. All matter has this thermal energy they will
have. This internal heat comes from the following sources:

•1. Primordial heat of the planet remains from its early

stage.
•2. Heat from the decay of radioactive elements.
•3. Gravitational pressure
•4. Dense core material in the center of the planet.
 MAGMA

•Rocks commonly found on the surface

of Earth are in solid-state. However,
rocks also exist in a liquid state at
certain locations deep inside Earth. The
molten rocks that are found beneath
Earth’s surface are called magma. They
are less dense than the surrounding
solid rock, and therefore capable of
rising the surface. When magma
emerges at the surface, it is called lava.
 FORMATION OF MAGMA
Magma is formed under certain circumstances in a special location deep in the
crust or in the upper mantle. Magma forms from the partial melting of mantle rocks.
Rocks undergo partial melting because the minerals that compose them melt at
different temperatures. Partial melting takes place because rocks are not pure
materials. As temperature rises, some minerals melt, and others remain solid. If the
same conditions are maintained at any given temperature, the same mixture of solid
and melted rock is maintained.
To understand melting, pressure is also considered. Pressure increases with depth
as a result of the increased weight of the overlying rock. Geologists found out that as
they melted rocks under various pressures, higher pressure led to higher melting
points.
 The two main mechanisms through which rocks melt are
decompression melting and flux melting.
• Decompression melting happens because the rock is being
moved toward the surface, either at a mantle plume (a.k.a., hot
spot) or in the upwelling part of a mantle convection cell. If a
rock that is hot enough to be close to its melting point is moved
toward the surface, the pressure is reduced, and the rock can
pass to the liquid side of its melting curve. At this point, partial
melting starts to take place.
• Flux melting happens if a rock is close to its melting point
and some water or carbon dioxide is added to the rock, the
melting temperature is reduced and partial melting starts.
SUMMARY OF
FORMATION
OF MAGMA
WHAT HAPPENS AFTER MAGMA IS
FORMED?

Magma escaped in two forms: intrusion and

extrusion.
INTRUSION:

An intrusion is a magma that moves up into a

volcano without erupting. Like a balloon, this causes
the volcano to grow on the inside. What is meant by
the intrusion of magma is the inclusion of the rock
layers forming the earth's crust (magma does not get
out).
 PLUTONISM
•This is the exact process that gives birth to
magma when the presence of various oxides,
fluorine, sulfur, and chlorine compounds that are
necessary for the creation of magma is guaranteed.
The solidification and crystallization of magma take
place mainly inside the Earth's interior.
•When the process of crystallization takes place
inside the crust, the magmatic rocks produced are
called plutonites, which is another major category
of igneous rock formation. Plutonites are igneous
rock formations that are created when the process of
crystallization and solidification of magma takes
place below the Earth's surface and particularly in
the crust.
EXTRUSION
An extrusion is an eruption of magmatic materials that
causes land formation on the surface of the Earth. Magma
extrusion causes the formation of volcanoes when the gas
pressure is strong enough and there are cracks in the earth's
crust. Magma that came out to the surface of the earth is
called the eruption. Magma that came to the surface of the
earth is called lava.
 VOLCANISM
• It refers to all sorts of geological activities
correlated with the flow and transportation
of igneous material from the planet's interior
towards the natural terrestrial surface. This
motion takes place inside cracks that are
known among geologists as natural pipes
that infiltrate the upper mantle. In many
cases, the mantle allows massive quantities
of liquids and gases to reach the upper
layers of the planet and in various cases,
even the natural terrestrial surface.
VOLCANISM
• Molten material in the form of lava that undergoes the
process of crystallization on the natural terrestrial surface
gives birth to rock formations known as volcanizes. These are
some of the major categories of igneous rock formations.
Volcanites are composed of gray, dull pink-colored
trakibasaltic lava with large phenocrystal and pyroclastic.
 EARTHQUAKE
• It is a vibration on the surface of Earth resulting from the sudden
release of energy. It could be a small shaking that could sway hanging
objects or a very large movement that could destroy buildings and cause
catastrophic damage.
• The size of an earthquake is measured in two ways. The number that
indicated the relative size of energy released in an earthquake is called
magnitude. It is determined from the maximum amplitude of ground
motion recorded in the seismogram. Intensity is the amount of damage
brought about by an earthquake usually denoted as Roman numerals.
DEFORMATION
•Deformation processes transform solid materials from one
shape into another. Crustal deformation refers to the changing
earth's surface caused by tectonic forces that are accumulated
in the crust and then cause earthquakes. The slow
'background' tectonic motions between the earth's plates,
thereby constraining the buildup of stress on faults.
 STRESS
• In physics, a force applied per unit is called stress.
•Three kinds of stress:
1. Tensional stress is the stress that tends to pull
something apart. Tensional stresses cause a rock to
elongate, or pull apart.
2. Shear stress develops when the two dominant force
is directed towards each other but not along the
same axis. It results in slippage and translation.
3. Compressional stress is formed when the
dominant force is directed towards each other. It
squeezes the rocks, causing shortening parallel to
the direction of stress and elongation perpendicular
to the stress direction.
METAMORPHISM

• The process that occurs when a rock changes its

form into a new one without undergoing melting or
disintegration is called metamorphism. This
implies that the change occurs in a solid-state.
THE TRANSFORMATION MAY TAKE THOUSANDS TO MILLIONS OF YEARS
AND WOULD INVOLVE SEVERAL PROCESSES.

a. Recrystallization – this changes in shape and sizes of minerals without changing

their identity.
b. Phase Change – a process that transforms a grain of one mineral into a grain of
another mineral having the same composition but a different crystal structure.
c. Neocrystallization – the growth of new minerals that differ from those in the
protolith (original rock). Chemical reactions digest the existing minerals to produce
new minerals, sometimes with the aid of hydrothermal fluids (hot water solutions).
d. Pressure Solution – it refers to the dissolution of mineral grains when a rock is
squeezed dominantly in one direction, at relatively low temperature and pressure, and
in the presence of water.
e. Plastic Deformation – it occurs when some minerals become flattened or elongated
without changing either the composition or crystal structure due to their plastic
behavior when exposed to high temperature and pressure.
 TYPES OF METAMORPHISM:
1. Contact metamorphism – the magma cools but the surrounding rock heats up.
2. Burial Metamorphism- occurs when sediments are buried deeply enough that the heat and
pressure cause minerals to begin to recrystallize and new minerals to grow, but does not leave
the rock with a foliated appearance.
3. Shock metamorphism - also called impact metamorphism occurs when high heat and pressures
generated during an impact deform the underlying rock layers
4. Regional metamorphism -is caused by large geologic processes such as mountain-building.
These rocks when exposed to the surface show the unbelievable pressure that causes the rocks to
be bent and broken by the mountain building process.
5. Hydrothermal metamorphism- changes that occur in rocks near the surface where there is the
intense activity of hot water.
6. Cataclastic metamorphism results from the crushing and granulation of minerals and rocks
(cataclasis), through the application of stress under small load and at low temperatures, with but
little new mineral formation, except along planes of considerable movement, and at places where
heat has been locally generated.