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Unit 3 & 4 - Ignou Part 3

1) Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to test for significant differences between means of three or more groups. It partitions total variation into different sources. 2) A one-way ANOVA compares means across one independent variable with multiple levels. A two-way ANOVA compares means across two independent variables and their interaction. 3) The key steps in ANOVA are calculating the sum of squares values, determining the F ratio by dividing mean sum of squares between and within groups, and comparing the F ratio to critical values in tables to determine significance.

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853 views

Unit 3 & 4 - Ignou Part 3

1) Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to test for significant differences between means of three or more groups. It partitions total variation into different sources. 2) A one-way ANOVA compares means across one independent variable with multiple levels. A two-way ANOVA compares means across two independent variables and their interaction. 3) The key steps in ANOVA are calculating the sum of squares values, determining the F ratio by dividing mean sum of squares between and within groups, and comparing the F ratio to critical values in tables to determine significance.

Uploaded by

Sree Latha
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT 3 & 4

ANOVA- ONE WAY AND


TWO WAY
Analysis of Variance
 Important method for testing the variation
observed in experimental situation into different
parts
 Used to test the significance of the difference of
means among different groups or samples of
different populations (more than 2 groups)
 t-test- SD, F- variation (SD square)

F= variation between the groups/ variation


within the groups
Variance formula
Characteristics of variance
 Measure of variability
 Indicates among/between groups difference
and within groups as well
 Always in plus sign
ANOVA table
Sl. No. Group A Group B Group C
X X square Y Y square Z Z square
1 X1 Y1 Z1
2 X2 Y2 Z2
3 X3 Y3 Z3
4 X4 Y4 Z4
5 X5 Y5 Z5
Sum Add all the above values and write the sum of each column
Mean Sum/n
Steps to follow in ANOVA
1. Correction term

add all the sums and square it together in the


numerator and add the n’s in the denominator
2. Sum of Squares of Total (SSt)

Add all the sums of each column (total of X sq.


+ total of Y sq. + total of Z sq. and subtract the
correction term from it- answer of step one to
be subtracted)
3. Sum of squares among the groups (SSa)
 Square of Sum of X/n + square of sum of Y/n
+ square of sum of Z/n – Correction term (step
1 answer)
4. Sum of squares within the group
 SSt – SSa
 Answer of step 2 – Answer of step 3
5. Mean scores of Squares Among the groups
(MSSa)
 MSSa = SSa/ k-1
 Where, k= number of groups
 Ssa (step 3)
6. Mean sum of Squares within the Groups
(MSSw)
 MSSw = SSw/n-k
 SSw – Step 4
 n= total number of units
 k= number of groups
7. F ratio
 F= MSSa/MSSw
 Answer of step 5 / Answer of step 6
8. Summary of ANOVA
Source of Df S.S M.S.S F-ratio
Variance
Among the K-1 SSa Ssa/k-1
groups
MSSa/MSSw
Within the N-k SSw SSw/N-k
groups
Total N-1
9. Interpretation of results
 After obtaining the F ratio value, refer the F
table of any statistics book
 Keeping in mind two degrees of freedom:

1. Df1 – K-1
2. Df2 – N-k

How to interpret the results from F table?


TWO WAY ANALYSIS OF
VARIANCE
Two way ANOVA
 3*2 design
 Gender and Socio economic status

Groups Levels of SES


High Average Low Total
Boys MHB MAB MLB MB

Girls MHG MAG MLG MG

Total MH MA ML M
Types of effects tested in two way
ANOVA
1. Significance of the effect of A variable on DV
2. Significance of effect of B variable on DV
3. Significance of the interaction effect of A*B
variables on DV
Steps to compute two way ANOVA
1. Correction term
2. Sum of squares of total (SSt)
3. Sum of squares among the groups (SSa)
4. Sum of squares between the A groups (SSba)
5. Sum of squares between the B groups (SSbb)
6. Sum of squares of interaction-
SSa*b = SSa – SSba – SSbb
7. Sum of squares within the groups
SSw = SSt – SSa - SSb
8. Preparation of the table
Summary of two way ANOVA
Source of Df SS MSS F ratio
Variance
Among the groups

Between group A Ka – 1 SSa MSSa F1 = MSSa/MSSw

Between group B Kb – 1 SSb MSSb F2 = MSSb/MSSw

Interaction A*B (ka -1) (kb – SSa*b MSSa*b F3 = MSSa*b/ MSSw


1)
Within the groups N – ka - kb

Total N-1

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