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Burrhus Frederick Skinner: (Operant Conditioning)

Burrhus Frederic Skinner was an American psychologist known for developing the theory of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is a method of learning that uses reinforcement or punishment to modify behavior. Skinner believed that behavior is shaped by its consequences through a process he called operant conditioning. Key aspects of operant conditioning include reinforcement, which aims to increase behaviors; punishment, which aims to decrease behaviors; and schedules of reinforcement that determine when behaviors will be reinforced. Skinner's work differed from prior behaviorists in that he studied voluntary behaviors and their consequences rather than reflexive responses to stimuli.

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Avito Bernaldez
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254 views22 pages

Burrhus Frederick Skinner: (Operant Conditioning)

Burrhus Frederic Skinner was an American psychologist known for developing the theory of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is a method of learning that uses reinforcement or punishment to modify behavior. Skinner believed that behavior is shaped by its consequences through a process he called operant conditioning. Key aspects of operant conditioning include reinforcement, which aims to increase behaviors; punishment, which aims to decrease behaviors; and schedules of reinforcement that determine when behaviors will be reinforced. Skinner's work differed from prior behaviorists in that he studied voluntary behaviors and their consequences rather than reflexive responses to stimuli.

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Avito Bernaldez
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BURRHUS FREDERICK

SKINNER
(Operant Conditioning)
Prepared by Avito B.
Bernaldez II
Burrhus Frederick
Skinner
Burrhus Frederic Skinner was an
American psychologist, behaviorist, author,
inventor, and social philosopher. He was a
professor of psychology at Harvard University
from 1958 until his retirement in 1974.
Born: 20 March 1904, Susquehanna,
Pennsylvania, United States
Died: 18 August 1990, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, United States
Full name: Burrhus Frederic Skinner
Known for: Operant conditioning, Radical
behaviorism, Applied behavior analysis, more
Burrhus Frederic Skinner Like pavlov,
watson and thorndike, Skinner believed in
the stimulus-response pattern of
conditioned behavior, excluding any
likelihood of any processes taking place
in the mind.
Skinner's work differs from that of the
three behaviorists before him in that he
studied operant behavior (voluntary
behaviors used in operating on the
government). Thus, his theory came to
be known as...
OPERANT
CONDITIONING
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Operant conditioning was coined by behaviorist Burrhus
Frederic Skinner, who believed that the organism, while going
about it's everyday activities, is in the process of “operating” on
the environment. In the course of its activities, the organism
encounters a special kind of stimulus, called a reinforcing stimulus,
or simply a reinforcer. This special stimulus has the effect of
increasing the behavior occurring just before the reinforcer.
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Operant conditioning is a method of learning that
occurs through rewards and punishments for
behavior. Through operant conditioning, an
association is made between a behavior and a
consequence for that behavior.
Skinner used the term operant to refer to any "active
behavior that operates upon the environment to
generate consequences"
Examples of Operant
Conditioning
• Children completing homework to earn a reward
from a parent or teacher.

• Employees finishing projects to receive praise or


promotions.

• A child who lost recess privileges because he talk


out of turn in class
Components of
Operant Conditioning
Componentsof Operant Conditioning

1. Reinforcement

A kind of stimulus that aims to increase the strength


in behavior due to its consequence. Reinforcement is
the key element in Skinner's S-R theory.
A reinforcer is anything that strengthens the desired
response. There is a positive reinforcer and a
negative reinforcer.
Types of Reinforcement

A POSITIVE REINFORCER is any stimulus


that is given or added to increase the
response. (Reward Learning)
A NEGATIVE REINFORCER is any stimulus
that results in the increased frequency of a
response when it is withdrawn or removed. A
negative reinforcer is not a punishment, in fact it
is a reward. (Escape-avoidance Learning)
A negative reinforcer is different
from punishment because a
punishment is a consequence
intended to result in reduced
responses.
When is positive
reinforcement most
effective?
• When it occurs immediately after the
behavior.
• When the reinforcement is presented
enthusiastically and frequently
When is negative
reinforcement most
effective?
• It is most effective when reinforcers
are presented immediately following a
behavior.
Componentsof Operant Conditioning

2. Punishment

Punishment is a kind of stimulus that aims to


decrease the strength in behaviour due to its
consequence.
There is a positive punishment and negative
punishment.
Kinds of Punishment

Positive punishment involves presenting an


unfavorable outcome or event following an
undesirable behavior (punishment by
application)
Negative punishment involves taking something
good or desirable away to reduce the
occurrence of particular behavior. (punishment
by removal)
Schedule of
Reinforcement
Schedule of Reinforcement
• A schedule of reinforcement is a rule
stating when and how often a behavior will
be reinforced.
–This is applicable when you are
purposely trying to train and reinforce an action
Types of reinforcement schedules

1. Continuous Reinforcement the desired


behavior is reinforced every single time it occurs.

2. Partial Reinforcement the response


is reinforced only part of the time. Schedules of
partial reinforcement:
a. Fixed-ratio schedules are those where a response is
reinforced only after a specified number of responses.

b. Variable- ratio schedules occur when a response is


reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses.

c.Fixed-interval schedules are those where the first


response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time
has elapsed.

d. Variable-interval schedules occur when a response is


rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed
THANK YOU

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