MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEMS AND INTERFACING

(EEE342)
Computer vs. Microprocessor
Microcomputer vs. Microcontroller
Microprocessor Connection with the external world
Languages that Microprocessor can understand
Computer Organization vs. Computer Architecture
Role of ISA
RICS and CISC
COMPUTER VS. MICROPROCESSOR
 Computer
 A computer is an electronic Input machine that accepts
Processing Output
data/information, processes it according to Unit specific Unit
Unit
instructions called program, and stores it in a particular
fashion.

Computing and Storage

Unit
Decision Making
ability Memory
 Microprocessor
 Microprocessor is an integrated device that contains all the
functions of a central processing unit of a computer Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Its performance is measured in
Registers
 MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second) and iCOMP (Comparison
Index) Arithmetic
Control Unit
Logic Unit 2
MICROCOMPUTER VS. MICROCONTROLLER
 Microcomputer
Input Processing Output
Unit Unit Unit
input
Microprocessor output
memory
Storage
Microprocessor along with i/o Unit
devices and memory

 Microcontroller
 Microcomputer on a single chip

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MICROPROCESSOR CONNECTION WITH EXTERNAL WORLD
Input Output
Address Device Device
Decoder

Interface Interface
Memory I/O Ports
Devices Devices

Address Bus

Micro-
Data Bus
processor

Control Lines
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BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
 Computers have three classic components:
 Processor,called CPU (Central Processing Unit)
 Memory and Storage Devices
 I/O Devices

Interconnected with one or more buses

 Bus is a communication system that transfers data between components inside a

computer, or between computers
 A system bus is a single computer bus that connects the major components of a
computer system
 Data Bus
 Address Bus
 Control Bus

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BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
 Computers have three classic components:
 Processor,called CPU (Central Processing Unit)
 Memory and Storage Devices
 I/O Devices
 System Buses

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 Data Path
PROCESSOR
ALU
 Processor consists of
 Datapath
 ALU
 Performs arithmetic and ...
logic instructions
 Registers Control Unit
 Control unit Registers
 Generates the control signals
required to execute instructions

Processor

• A register is one of a small set of data holding places for the computer processor
• A register may hold an instruction, a storage address, or any kind of data

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CLOCK
 Clock refers to a microchip that regulates the timing and speed of all computer
functions
 The speed of a computer processor is measured in clock speed
 For example, 1 MHz is one million cycles per second, and 2 GHz is two billion cycles per
second
 Synchronizes Processor and Bus operations

 Clock Speed = Clock rate = Clock frequency = Cycles per second

 Clock cycles measure the execution of instructions 8

MEMORY Address
Space

 Ordered sequence of bytes Address Address

(in Decimal)
 The sequence number is called the memory (in Hex)
address

 Byte addressable memory

 Each Address
byte has a unique address
space is the
 Supported by almost all processors
set of
memory
locations
 Physical address space (bytes) that
 Determined by the address bus width can be
addressed
 Pentium has a 32-bit address bus
 Physical address space = 4GB = 232 bytes
 Itanium with a 64-bit address bus can support
 264 bytes of physical address space
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MEMORY UNIT
 The memory unit is the main
storage (data and instructions) of
the computer
 It interacts with the
Address
 Address Bus Memory Data
 Address is placed on the address bus Read Unit
 Address of location to be
Write
read/written
 Data Bus
 Data is placed on the data bus
 Two Control Signals
 Read
 Write

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MEMORY HIERARCHY

 Registers

 Fastest storage elements, stores most frequent used data

 General-purpose registers: accessible to the programmer
 Special-purpose registers: used internally by the microprocessor

 Cache memory
 Fast SRAM that stores recently used instructions and data

 Main Memory
 Disk Storage
 Permanent magnetic storage for files
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I/O CONTROLLERS
 I/O devices are interfaced via an I/O controller
 I/O controller uses the system bus to communicate with processor
 I/O controller takes care of low-level operation details

Address Bus Data

System Buses

Status I/O Devices

Data Bus
Command

Control Bus

I/O Controller
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LANGUAGES THAT MICROPROCESSOR CAN UNDERSTAND?
Closer to Series of 1’s
human being and 0’s

Machine
Assembly
High Level Language/ Executed
Languages
Languages Compilers/ OpCodes by the
(This varies Assemblers
e.g., C, C++, Interpreters (This varies Micro-
per
JAVA per processor
processor)
processor)

Only this is understood by the

microprocessor
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COMPUTER ORGANIZATION : COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

User Designer

Programmer Architecture
Study of the
system Hardware is the core of
Software Hardware
the entire system
To discuss about organization, we generally talk about
layers surrounded over the hardware
MACHINE CODES TryingMachine
to hide
Code hard
011001100.. information which is to
Assembler
remember Code and
each
Hardware 0110 01100..
every code of operation
HLL Code (statement in a
S/W Operation Operand
given language)
Opcode data
For example: ADD A, B
Mnemonic codes: Aiding theFor example
memory a statement
of the user like: X = Y+ Z
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PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE

 “Architecture” can refer to

High-level description of hardware; could be
 Overall system
 Microprocessor

 Subsystem within a processor

Operations available to programmer

 Instruction set architecture (ISA)
 defines that how the statements are translated to machine code

Other applications to computing (e.g., “software architecture”) we won’t

discuss
 Commonly used to discuss functional units and how they work
together
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ROLE OF THE INSTRUCTION SET ARCHITECTURE (ISA)
 User writes high-level language
(HLL) program

 Compiler converts HLL program into

assembly for the particular instruction
set architecture (ISA)

 Assembler converts assembly into

machine language (bits) for that ISA

 Resulting machine language program

is loaded into memory and run

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ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
 An assembly language is a low-level programming language for microprocessors
and other programmable devices.
 With assembly language, a programmer works only with operations that are
implemented directly on the physical CPU.
 Assembly languages generally lack high-level conveniences such as variables and
functions, and they are not portable between various families of processors.
 They have the same structures and set of commands as machine language, but
allow a programmer to use names instead of numbers.
 An assembly (or assembler) language, often abbreviated as asm.

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APPLICATION-BASED CLASSIFICATION OF MPS
Real-address
Mode
 Reprogrammable Microprocessors
Protected-
 Used to implement a general-purpose microcomputer address Mode

 Devices designed to meet the needs of data-control applications and direct-

memory access channels along with event-control applications
 8086, 8088, 80286, 80386, 80486, and Pentium Processors, your personal computers
 Embedded Microprocessors – that performs a dedicated control function
 Event control (microcontroller) – used to initiate a timed sequence of events
Read-Only Read-Write
Memory (ROM) Memory
Read-Only Read-Write
Microcontroller
Memory Memory Microprocessor Serial Interface
Timer I/O port Serial Interface System Bus

Timer I/O Port

 Data control – hard disk controller interface – transfers a file of data from
secondary storage to primary storage 18
RISC AND CISC
Reduced Instruction Set Computing Complex Instruction Set Computing
 Optimized set of instructions  Specialized set of instructions
 One cycle per instruction  Multiple no.of cycles per instruction
 Software based  Hardware based
 Implementation is fast  Implementation is slow

The total clock cycles for the CISC version might be:
The clock cycles for the RISC version is:

(3 movs x 1 cycle) + (5 adds x 1 cycle) + ( 5 loops x 1 cycle) = (2 movs x 1 cycle) + (1 mul x 30 cycles) = 32 cycles

13 cycles 19
RISC VS. CISC
  
The difference between CISC and RISC becomes evident through the basic
computer performance equation:

 CPU Time =

 RISC systems shorten execution time by reducing the clock cycles per instruction
(i.e. simple instructions take less time to interpret)

 CISC systems shorten execution time by reducing the number of instructions per
program

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DATA REPRESENTATION
 Binary Numbers
 Hexadecimal Numbers

 Base conversions

 Integer storage sizes

 Binary and Hexadecimal Addition

 Signed Integers and 2’s Compliment Notation

 Binary and Hexadecimal subtraction

 Coding (BCD, ASCII)

 Carry and Overflow

 Character Storage

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