Computer Graphics

Computer Graphics
 Till recently the output obtained from a computer
has been alphanumeric.
 It is well known that anything presented in graphical
and pictorial form tremendously aids human
comprehension.
 Examples:
 bar charts, pie charts sales graphs are commonly used by
managers.
 Building plans, perspective views are used by architects.
 Engineers use mechanical drawings, circuit diagrams in
their work.
 Chinese proverb

“a picture is worth ten thousand words”

Computer Graphics
 Computer graphics is concerned with the
generation, representation, manipulation and
display of pictures with the aid of a computer.
 The Process transforms and presents
information in a visual form.
 Image created by computer is called
computer graphics.
Computer Graphics Applications
 Computer Graphics may be subdivided into
three broad areas:
 Generative Graphics
 Cognitive Graphics
 Image Processing
Generative Graphics

Generative Graphics system objectives:

 It deals with the creation of 2D and 3D pictures.
 Computer aided generation of pictures from
mathematical representation
 For display animations, pictures may be transforms,
rotated, contracted & expanded.
Applications Of Generative Graphics

 Pilot Training: In pilot training the graphic display may be

used to mimic the approach of an aircraft to an airstrip
as the pilot manipulates the landing controls.

 CAD: Design Electrical, Electronic, Mechanical and

Structural components and systems. Design Circuits port
layouts, VLSI chips, Aircrafts structures and Buildings
structures.

 CAM: Manufacturing information (such as parts list etc)

are automatically generated. The great advantage of
computer graphics is the possibility of very quickly
modifying drawings based on drawing changes
COGNITIVE GRAPHICS

 It deals with algorithms to recognize and classify

pictures.
 Applications are :
 Classify peoples’ faces ,fingerprints is commonly used now a
days in criminal investigation.
 Microscope pictures of bacterial colonies
 ECG patterns and x-rays of different parts of the body to perform
medical diagnosis of patient by using computers.
 etc.
 In such applications, the pictures are converted to digital
form by devices called optical scanners
 The digital information is transformed and classified by
specially written pattern recognition programs.
IMAGE PROCESSING GRAPHICS
 Image processing apply techniques to modify or interpret
existing pictures, such as photographs and TV scans.
 It is used to improve and modify the quality of picture.
 First image is digitized and there it is given a color
pattern for improving color quality.
 For example : Boundaries making, if it is not visible.
 Two principle uses of image processing are:
Ø Improving picture quality.
Ø Machine perception of visual information as used in robotics.
IMAGE PROCESSING GRAPHICS
 Image processing are used to analyze satellite photos of
earth and photos of galaxies.
 Medical applications also use extensive use of image
processing techniques for picture enhancement, in
tomography, in simulation of operation.
 Image processing has the sub areas like image
enhancement, pattern detection and recognition and
scene analysis and computer vision.
 Application of image processing are: face detection,
feature detection, medical image processing, microscope
image processing, remote sensing and many others.
Image processing
 Image processing applies techniques to modify or
interpret existing pictures ,such as photographs and TV
scans.
 Principle applications of image processing is in following
areas
 To improve picture quality
 To extract information from pictures
 To help in m/c perception of visual information e.g. in robotics
 To apply image processing , the picture of first digitized
into an image file then digital methods are used to
rearrange the picture parts, enhance color
separation or to improve quality of shading
 Computer graphics is concerned with the
generation, representation, manipulation and display
of pictures with the aid of a computer.
 Typical graphics system comprises of a host
computer with support of fast processor,large
memory, frame buffer and
 Display Devices (color monitors)
 Input Devices (mouse, keyboard, joystick, trackball, touch
screen etc.)
 Output Devices (LCD panels, printers, plotters etc)
Conceptual frame work for
interactive graphics

Application Application Graphics

Model Program System
 Representative
Uses & advantages
of
computer graphics
GUI Interfaces
 Graphical User Interface
 Typical components used
 Menus
 Icons
 Cursors
 Dialog boxes
 Scroll bars
 Buttons
 Valuators
 Grids
 Sketching( used to draw lines, polylines, arcs, ellipses )
GUI Interfaces
 Most applications have user interfaces on desktop
window system to manage multiple simultaneous
activities.
 point – and –click facilities to allow users to select
menu items, icons , and objects on the screen
 Icons and menus take up less space and are also
intuitive.
 E.g. Word-processing, spread sheet and desktop
publishing etc.
Interactive) plotting
( in business, science, & technology

 Today graphics is used to create 2D and 3D graphs

of mathematical, physical and economic functions-
 Histograms
 bar and pie chart
 task scheduling charts
 Inventory and production charts
 All these are used to represent meaningfully and
concisely the trends from data
 That clarify complex phenomena and ease the
decision making
Office automation and electronic
publishing
 Office automation and electronic publishing can
produce both printed( hardcopy) documents and
electronic (softcopy) documents that contain
 Text
 Tables
 Graphs
 Other forms of drawn or scanned –in graphics
 Computer –aided design and drafting

 Computer aided design (CAD) is the use of computer

technology for the process of design. or,
 Computer Aided Designing describes the process of
designing with a computer.
 CAD software, or environments, provide the user with
input-tools for the purpose of design processes, drafting,
documentation, and manufacturing processes.
 It helps to perform design adjustments and quickly visualize
effects
 Some applications also allow real time animation to test
performance of the product 3D realistic images, multiple
angle views , greatly simplifies the design process.
 Computer –aided design and drafting
Mechanical Electrical
 It is used to design
components and systems of
Electronic devices
Electromechanical
 After objects are designed the
utility programs can post
process the design database Structures such as
to make part lists, to process  Buildings
 Automobiles bodies
bills of materials etc.  Airplane
 Ship hulls
 VLSI chips
 Optical systems
 Computer network
 Computer graphics in CAD

 In CAD graphics is used to design electrical, electronic,

mechanical and structural components and systems.
 It is extensively used in designing printed circuit board
layouts, design of VLSI chips.
 It is also used in making aircraft structures, building
structures based on the drawing.
 A common problem in visualization applications is the
display of one surface overlying another. These
systems are used to visualize any 3D objects by the use
of computer soft -wares and is used in major designing
such as car designing , machine designing etc.
 Simulation
 To study abstract mathematical models
of such phenomena as fluid flow ,
relativity, nuclear and chemical reactions
etc.
 Pilot training
 Entertainment
 Computer graphic is extensively used in the
production of motion pictures, music, videos and TV
shows.
 Sometimes graphic scenes are displayed by
themselves and sometimes graphic objects are
combined with actors and live scenes
 Image processing techniques such as morphing
can be used to produce transformation of one
person or object in another
 A graphics scenes generated for the movie AVTAAR.
 Education and Training
 Computer generated model of physical,
financial and economic system are useful
educational aid.
 They find wide use in education and
training institution.
 Special simulation aids are also made for
specialized area for providing training for
aircraft pilot, ship captains etc.
 Presentation Graphics
 Reports can be presented on slides and
transparencies.
 They can be used to present scientific,
mathematical and economic data using
different kind of figures, graphics and
charts.
 3D graphics can also be used to provide
special effects and more attractive
presentations.
 Pixels & Resolution
 Pixels
 Graphic images are made up of tiny dots called
pixels.
 Each pixel has a particular address on the screen.
 Resolution
 It is defined as the maximum number of pixels or
dots can be displayed on the screen.
 Examples:800 by 600 pixels,1024 by 768 pixels,1152
by 864 pixels etc.
 Aspect Width Height
Code   Name  
ratio      
XGA eXtended Graphics Array 4:3 1024 768
XGA+ eXtended Graphics Array Plus 4:3 1152 864
WXGA Widescreen eXtended Graphics Array 16:9 1280 720
WXGA Widescreen eXtended Graphics Array 16:10 1280 800
SXGA
Super eXtended Graphics Array 4:3 1280 960
(UVGA)
SXGA Super eXtended Graphics Array 5:4 1280 1024
HD High Definition 16:9 1360 768
HD High Definition 16:9 1366 768
Widescreen eXtended Graphics Array
WXGA+ 16:10 1440 900
Plus
HD+ High Definition Plus 16:9 1600 900
UXGA Ultra eXtended Graphics Array 4:3 1600 1200
Widescreen Super eXtended Graphics
WSXGA+ 16:10 1680 1050
Array Plus
FHD (Full
Full High Definition 16:9 1920 1080
HD)
Widescreen Ultra eXtended Graphics
WUXGA 16:10 1920 1200
Array
QFHD Quad Full High Definition 16:9 2560 1440
Other
 Aspect Ratio
 The aspect ratio of an image describes the proportional relationship
between its width and its height.
 It is represented as two numbers separated by a colon as
4(Width):3(Height), 16:9 etc.
 A square has the smallest possible aspect ratio 1:1.

For an ellipse, the aspect ratio

denotes the ratio of the major axis
to the minor axis.
An ellipse with an aspect ratio 1:1
is a circle
BIT DEPTH COLOR RESOLUTION CALCULATION

1-bit 2 colors 21   (2)

2-bit 4 colors 22    (2x2)

3-bit 8 colors 23    (2x2x2)

4-bit 16 colors 24    (2x2x2x2)

5-bit 32 colors 25    (2x2x2x2x2)

6-bit 64 colors 26    (2x2x2x2x2x2)

7-bit 128 colors 27    (2x2x2x2x2x2x2)

8-bit 256 colors 28    (2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2)

16-bit 65,536 colors 216

24-bit 16,777,215 colors 224    

 Display Devices
CRT,EGA/CGA/VGA/SVGA monitors,
plotters, laser printers, films, flat-panel
devices, video digitizers, scanners,
LCD panels, keyboard, joystick,
mouse, touch screen, track ball etc.
Commonly used display device is the MONITOR or CRT MONITOR
 Static vs Interactive Data
Visualization
 A static data visualization is one that does not
incorporate any interaction capabilities and does not
change with time, such as an infographic focused on
a specific data story from a single viewpoint.
 As there are no tools to adjust the final results of
static visualizations, such as filtering and zooming
tools in interactive designs, it is essential to give
great consideration about what data is being
displayed.
 A static visualization is more suited for less
complex data stories, building relationships
between concepts, and conveying a predetermined
view than encouraging exploration and increasing
user autonomy. Static designs are also significantly
less expensive to build than interactive designs.
Deciding whether to build a static or interactive
data visualization depends on customer preference,
data story complexity, and ROI.
What is Interactive Data
Visualization?
 Interactive data visualization refers to the use of modern
data analysis software that enables users to directly
manipulate and explore graphical representations of
data. Data visualization uses visual aids to help analysts
efficiently and effectively understand the significance of
data. Interactive data visualization software improves upon
this concept by incorporating interaction tools that facilitate
the modification of the parameters of a data visualization,
enabling the user to see more detail, create new insights,
generate compelling questions, and capture the full value of
the data.
Benefits of Interactive Data
Visualizations
 Identify Trends Faster
 Identify Relationships More Effectively 
 Useful Data Storytelling
 Simplify Complex Data
 WHY DO WE
NEED
STANDARDS ?
 There is a need of certain set of rules, constraints,
syntax, procedures and function calls to built a
Graphics Package System.

 If there are no standards, then everyone will come up

with his/her own standards.

 So there is a need to define standards , if not defined

then, we will not be able to understand one’s software
or graphical package.

 Certain Compilers provide their own graphical libraries

such as Visual Basic, C, C++, Java, Turbo C, Visual C
etc.
 These systems can be DEVICE DEPENDENT
and DEVICE INDEPENDENT.
 Device Dependent- Assembly language and
Solaris.
 Device Independent- Open- GL, PHIGS.
 Standard Graphics Packages are-
 GKS (Graphics Kernel system).
 first ISO standard low level computer graphics for 2D
vector graphics
 Applications written to use GKS portable to many
platforms and devices
 Suitable for chart drawings
 SRGP (Simple Raster Graphics Package).
 PHIGS (Programmers’ Hierarchical Interactive
Graphics system).
 Standard for rendering 3D computer graphics,support
features like transformations, texture mapping, shading,
light models
 OPEN-GL-is currently used.