Introduction to IPv6
Presented by: Minal Mishra
Agenda
IP Network Addressing
Classful IP addressing
Techniques to reduce address
shortage in IPv4
Features of IPv6
Header Comparisons
Extension Headers
Conclusions
IP Network Addressing
INTERNET world’s largest public
data network, doubling in size every nine
months
IPv4, defines a 32-bit address - 232
(4,294,967,296) IPv4 addresses available
The first problem is concerned with the
eventual depletion of the IP address
space.
Traditional model of classful addressing
does not allow the address space to be
used to its maximum potential.
Classful Addressing
When IP was first standardized in Sep
1981, each system attached to the IP
based Internet had to be assigned a
unique 32-bit address
The 32-bit IP addressing scheme involves
a two level addressing hierarchy
Network Number/Prefix Host Number
Classful Addressing…
Divided into 5
classes
Class A 8 bits N/W
id and 24 bits host
id and so on B,C.
Wastage of IP
addresses by
assigning blocks
of addresses
which fall along
octet boundaries
Techniques to reduce
address shortage in IPv4
Subnetting
Classless Inter Domain Routing
(CIDR)
Network Address Translation (NAT)
Subnetting
Three-level hierarchy: network, subnet,
and host.
The extended-network-prefix is
composed of the classful network-prefix
and the subnet-number
The extended-network-prefix has
traditionally been identified by the
subnet mask
Network-Prefix Subnet-Number Host-Number
Subnetting Example
128.10.1.1
H1 128.10.1.2
H2
Sub-network 128.10.1.0
Internet G
All traffic
to 128.10.0.0
128.10.2.1
H3 128.10.2.2
H4
Net mask 255.255.0.0
Sub-network 128.10.2.0
Subnet mask 255.255.255.0
Classless Inter-Domain
Routing
Eliminates traditional classful IP
routing.
Supports the deployment of
arbitrarily sized networks
Routing information is advertised
with a bit mask/prefix length
specifies the number of leftmost contiguous bits
in the network portion of each routing table entry
Example: 192.168.0.0/21
CIDR Table Entry…
Extract the destination IP address.
Boolean AND the IP address with the
subnet mask for each entry in the
routing table.
The answer you get after ANDing is
checked with the base address entry
corresponding to the subnet mask
entry with which the destination entry
was Boolean ANDed.
If a match is obtained the packet is
forwarded to the router with the
corresponding base address
Network Address
Translation
Each
organization-
single IP address 3 Reserved ranges
Within 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 (16,777,216 hosts)
organization –
each host with IP 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255/12 (1,048,576
hosts)
unique to the
192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255/16 (65,536
orgn., from hosts)
reserved set of IP
addresses
NAT Example
10.0.0.4
C
10.0.0.1
Source Source NAT Router's
Source NAT Router's
Computer's Computer's Assigned
Computer IP Address
IP Address Port Port Number
A 10.0.0.1 400 24.2.249.4 1
B 10.0.0.2 50 24.2.249.4 2
C 10.0.0.3 3750 24.2.249.4 3
D 10.0.0.4 206 24.2.249.4 4
Features of IPv6
Larger Address Space
Aggregation-based address hierarchy
– Efficient backbone routing
Efficient and Extensible IP datagram
Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
Security (IPsec mandatory)
Mobility
128-bit IPv6 Address
3FFE:085B:1F1F:0000:0000:0000:00A9:1234
8 groups of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers separated by “:”
Leading zeros can be removed
3FFE:85B:1F1F::A9:1234
:: = all zeros in one or more group of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers
Header comparison
0 15 16 31
vers hlen TOS total length Removed (6)
identification flags flag-offset • ID, flags, flag offset
20 TTL protocol header checksum • TOS, hlen
bytes
source address • header checksum
destination address
options and padding
Changed (3)
• total length => payload
IPv4 • protocol => next header
• TTL => hop limit
vers traffic class flow-label
Added (2)
payload length next header hop limit
• traffic class
40
bytes
source address • flow label
destination address
Expanded
• address 32 to 128 bits
IPv6
Major Improvements of
IPv6 Header
No option field: Replaced by
extension header. Result in a fixed
length, 40-byte IP header.
No header checksum: Result in fast
processing.
No fragmentation at intermediate
nodes: Result in fast IP forwarding.
Extension Headers
Routing – Extended routing, like IPv4
loose list of routers to visit
Fragmentation – Fragmentation and
reassembly
Authentication – Integrity and
authentication, security
Encapsulation – Confidentiality
Hop-by-Hop Option – Special options that
require hop-by-hop processing
Destination Options – Optional
information to be examined by the
destination node
Stateless Address
Autoconfiguration
3 ways to configure network
interfaces: Manually, Stateful,
Stateless
IPSAA IPv6 addr. Separated into 2 2
parts: network and interface id.
Link- local addresses: prefix FE80::0
+ interface identifier (EUI-64 format)
Obtain network id through Router
solicitation (RS)
Conclusion
IPv6 is NEW …
– built on the experiences learned from IPv4
– new features
– large address space
– new efficient header
– autoconfiguration
… and OLD
– still IP
– build on a solid base
– started in 1995, a lot of implementations
and tests done
References
IPng wg:
http://playground.sun.com/pub/ipng/html
NGtrans: http://www.6bone.net/ngtrans
IPv6 users site: http://www.ipv6.org
IPv6 Forum: http://www.ipv6forum.com
Normos (Internet standards):
http://www.normos.org
Any Questions??
