IP Addressing
IPv4 Address
• An Internet protocol address is a protocol used to
communicate packet of data across a network.
• IPv4 is controlled by IANA.
• Unique address.
• 32-bit logical address.
• IP address have four segment.
• Represented in decimal form.
• Each octet have 8 bit.
• Each octet have a range in between 0-255.
• E.g. 192.168.10.5.
• Each octet is separated with dot operator(Dotted decimal).
IPv4 Structure
class 1st octet Decimal Network ID(N)/ Default Subnet
range Host ID(H) mask
A 1-126 N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0
B 128-191 N.N.H.H 255.255.0.0
C 192-223 N.N.N.H 255.255.255.0
D 224-239 Reserved for multicast
E 240-254 Reserved for Broadcast
Decimal to Binary Conversion
The Simplest method of converting between decimal and binary is to remember
the following table.
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Example
Convert a decimal number 172 to binary
128+32+8+4=172
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
The binary equivalent for the given decimal number 172 is
10101100
Binary to Decimal Conversion
Converting from binary back to decimal is even simpler.
Apply the binary number to the conversion table.
Add up any columns with binary number bits set to 1.
Consider the binary number 11110001.
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
128+64+32+16+1=241
Static and Dynamic IP address
Static IP address:
• These are the IP address to host device manually
• Static IP address are fixed
Dynamic Address:
• These are the IP addresses provided to host
devices automatically
• These IP address are assigned with the help of a
protocol called DHCP
Private and Public IP Address
Private IP Address:
IP Address which are assigned to a Local Area Network(LAN).
Private IP are non purchasable
Private IP Range:
Class A 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
Class B 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
Class C 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255
Public IP Address:
Public IP are purchasable
Used for Wide Area Network(WAN)
A public IP address is an IP address that can be
accessed directly over the internet
Assigned to the network router by the internet
service provider (ISP)
SPECIAL IP’S
127.0.0.0 is a loopback address or self ping(Packet Internet
Groper)address to check the net connectivity
To check Start->Run->cmd->ping “IP address of other
device”
To check NIC(Network Interface Controller) working
Start->Run->cmd->ping 127.0.0.1
169.254.0.0 is a APIPA(Automatic Private IP Addressing)
CIDR
CIDR is a simplest method of representing a subnet mask.
CIDR Identifies the number of binary bit to 1 or ON in subnet
mask
Class A - /8
Class B - /16
Class C - /24
SUBNETTING
Making subnets from a parent network is called subnetting.
It is used to implement security in a network rather than
implementing.
For that to create subnet works under one parent network.
Avoid IP wastage.
Implements networks security.
Avoid networks traffic.
Simplified administration through network.
SUBNET MASK
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 128
2 1 1 192
3 1 1 1 224
4 1 1 1 1 240
5 1 1 1 1 1 248
6 1 1 1 1 1 1 252
7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 254
8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 255
Class-c Subnetting(1-bit)
N N N H
10000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
STEP-1
• No. of Moved bit m=1
STEP-2
• No. of Subnet works 2^m=2
STEP-3
• No .of Host per Subnet work
• (2^n)-2
• 2^7-2
• 128-2
• 126
STEP-4
• New Subnet Mask
• 255.255.255.128
STEP-5
• BLOCK SIZE/INCREMENT VALUE
• 2^8 – Change in subnet mask
• 256-128
• 128
N/W ADDRESS B/C ADDRESS
192.168.1.0/25 192.168.1.127
192.168.1.128/25 192.168.1.255/25
IPv6 OVERVIEW
IPv6 is the Newest version of the IP protocol.
It was Developed to overcome deficiencies of IPv4.
Large address space.
Enhanced Security.
IPv6 ADDRESS FORMATE
An IPv6 Address is 128 bits long.
Much larger than a 32-bit IPv4 Address.
IPv6 uses EIGHT GROUP of four Hexa Decimal Digits
separated by COLONS.
Example:-
2340:0023:AABA:0A01:0055:5054:9BAC:DDCE
IPv6 ADDRESSING SHORTENING
There are two conversions that can help to shorten IPv6
Address.
1. A Leading Zero can be omitted.
Example:-
2340:0023:AABA:0A01:0055:5054:9BAC:DDCA
The given IPv6 Address can be shortened into:-
2340:23:AABA:A01:55:5054:9BAC:DDCA
2.Successive fields of zero can be Represented as
Two Colon(::)
Example
1454:0045:0000:0000:4140:0141:0055:ABBB
Can be shortened as:-
1454::4140:141:55:AABB
IPV6 COMMUNICATION TYPES
UNICAST:
One to One Transmission
Types:-
1.Global Unicast-Public range
2.Unique Local-Private range
3.Link Local-APIPA
MULTI-CAST:
One to Many Transmission.
ANY CAST:
One to nearest Transmission
SPECIAL IP
Loop back Address ::01 or ::1
Invalid IP-0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000 or ::
Multi cast – FF80::
Link local – FE80::
Global Unicast – 2000::
Unique local – FC00::
