CHAPTER TWO Basic elements of c++

INTRODUCTION
 C++ is a cross-platform language that can be used to create high performance
applications.
 C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup, as an extension to the C language.
 C++ gives programmers a high level of control over system resources and
memory.
 The language was updated 3 major times in 2011, 2014, and 2017 to C++11,
C++14, and C++17.
 C++ is one of the world's most popular programming languages.
 C++ can be found in today's operating systems, Graphical User Interfaces,
and embedded systems.
 C++ is an object-oriented programming language which gives a clear
structure to programs and allows code to be reused, lowering development
costs.
 STRUCTURE OF C++ PROGRAM

A C++ program has the following structure

※ Comments
※ Preprocessor directives
※ Global variable declarations
※ Prototypes of functions
※ Definitions of functions
 C++ IDE
 The complete development cycle in C++ is:
√ Write the program,
√ compile the source code,
√ link the program, and
√ run it.
 Writing a Program:
 To write a source code you need to use
 built-in text editor by compiler / Windows Notepad, the DOS Edit command/
 commercial text/ WordPerfect, Word, and dozens/
↘ The files you create with your editor are called source files, and for C++ they
typically are named with the extension .CPP.
 …
 Compiling
 Your source code file can't be executed, or run, as a program can.
 To turn your source code into a program, you use a compiler.
 After your source code is compiled, an object file is produced.
 This file is often named with the extension .OBJ.
↘ This is still not an executable program, however. To turn this into an executable program, you must run
your linker.
 Linking
 C++ programs are typically created by linking together one or more OBJ files with one or more
libraries
 A library is a collection of linkable files that were supplied with your compiler.
 All C++ compilers come with a library of useful functions (or procedures) and classes that
you can include in your program.
↘ A function is a block of code that performs a service
 such as adding two numbers or printing to the screen.
↘ A class is a collection of data and related functions.
 SHOWING SAMPLE PROGRAM
 Any meaningful program written in C++ has to contain a number of components: the main
function; some variable declarations; and some executable statements.
 For example, the following is a very basic C++ program:
1: #include <iostream.h>
2:
3: int main()
4: {
5: cout << "Hello World!\n";
6: return 0;
7: }

 On line 1:
 the file iostream.h is included in the file
 The first character is the # symbol, which is a signal to the preprocessor
 Each time you start your compiler, the preprocessor is run.
 The preprocessor reads through your source code, looking for lines that begin with
the pound symbol (#), and acts on those lines before the compiler runs.
…
 Include
√ is a preprocessor instruction that says, "What follows is a filename. Find that
file and read it in right here."
√ The angle brackets around the filename tell the preprocessor to look in all the
usual places for this file.
√ If your compiler is set up correctly, the angle brackets will cause the
preprocessor to look for the file iostream.h in the directory that holds all the
H files for your compiler.
√ The file iostream.h (Input-Output-Stream) is used by cout and cin, which
assists with writing to the screen and inserting user inputs respectively
 Line 3
∂ begins the actual program with a function named main().
∂ Every C++ program has a main() function.
∂ When your program starts, main() is called automatically
∂ main(), like all functions, must state what kind of value it will return.
∂ The return value type for main() in HELLO.CPP is int, which means that this
function will return an integer value.
 …
 All functions begin with an opening brace ({) and end with a closing brace (}) on
lines 4 and 7.
 Everything between the opening and closing braces is considered as part of
functions.
 The object cout is used in C++ to print strings and values/messages to the
screen
 type the word cout, followed by the output redirection operator (<<).
 Whatever follows the output redirection operator is written to the screen.
 If you want a string of characters written, be sure to enclose them in
double quotes ("), as shown on line 5.
※ A text string is a series of printable characters
※ The main() function ends on line 7 with the closing brace
 The final two characters, \n, tell cout to put a new line after the words Hello World!
 BASIC ELEMENTS
 Keywords (reserved words)
↘ Reserved/Key words have a unique meaning within a C++ program.
↘ These symbols, “the reserved words”, must not be used for any other purposes.
↘ All reserved words are in lower-case letters.
※ The following are some of the reserved words of C++.
 IDENTIFIERS
 An identifier is name associated with a function or data object and used to refer to that
function or data object
 An identifier must:
※ Start with a letter or underscore
※ Consist only of letters, the digits 0-9, or the underscore symbol _
※ Not be a reserved word
※ the use of two consecutive underscore symbols, _ _, is forbidden.
 Syntax of an identifier
 …
 The following are valid identifiers

 The following are invalid:

 …

 At this stage, it is worth noting that C++ is case-sensitive. That is lower-case letters are
treated as distinct from upper-case letters.
 the word NUM different from the word num or the word Num.
 Identifiers can be used to identify variable or constants or functions.
 Function identifier is an identifier that is used to name a function.
 CON…
Literals
 Literals are constant values which can be a number, a character of a string.
Eg: the number 129.005, the character „A‟ and the string “hello world” are all literals.
 There is no identifier that identifies them.

Comments
 A comment is a piece of descriptive text which explains some aspect of a
program.
 Program comments are totally ignored by the compiler and are only intended
for human readers.
 C++ provides two types of comment delimiters:
∆ Anything after // (until the end of the line on which it appears) is considered a comment.
∆ Anything enclosed by the pair /* and */ is considered a comment.
#include<iostream.h>
int main()
{
//this is a comment
int n=10; //valid variable declaration
cout<<“my first variable declaration” <<endl;
cout<<n;
return 0;
}
 DATA TYPES, VARIABLES,
AND CONSTANTS
 Variables
 A variable is a symbolic name for a memory location in which data can be
stored and subsequently recalled.
 Variables are used for holding data values so that they can be utilized in
various computations in a program.
All variables have two important attributes
1. A type
 which is, established when the variable is defined (e.g., integer, float, character).
 Once defined, the type of a C++ variable cannot be changed.
2. A value
 which can be changed by assigning a new value to the variable.
 The kind of values a variable can assume depends on its type.
 For example, an integer variable can only take integer values
 e.g., 2, 100, -1 not real numbers like 0.123.
 …
 Variable Declaration
 Declaring a variable means defining (creating) a variable.
 You create or define a variable by stating its type, followed by one or more
spaces, followed by the variable name and a semicolon
 Good variable names tell the function of the variable
 using good names makes it easier to understand the flow of your program.
 e.g, int myAge;

 Creating More Than One Variable at a Time

 You can create more than one variable of the same type in one statement by
writing the type and then the variable names, separated by commas.
 int myAge, myWeight; // two int variables
 long area, width, length; // three longs

 IMPORTANT- Variables must be declared before used!

 …
 Assigning Values to Your Variables
 You assign a value to a variable by using the assignment operator (=).
 Thus, you would assign 5 to Width by writing
int Width;
Width = 5;
Or
int Width = 5;

Reading assignment
 Basic Data Types
 Signed and Unsigned
 Characters
 OPERATORS
Assignment Operators
 The assignment operator is used for storing a value at some memory location
means variable.
 Its left operand should be an lvalue,
 denotes a memory location
 its right operand may be an arbitrary expression.

 Examples
int m, n, p;
m = n = p = 100; // means: n = (m = (p = 100));
m = (n = p = 100) + 2; // means: m = (n = (p = 100)) + 2;
ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR
EXAMPLE
Code Output
#include<iostream.h>
int main()
{
intn=10;
cout<<“n=“<<n; n=10
return 0;
}
…
 …
 Arithmetic Operators
 C++ provides five basic arithmetic operators.
 …
 arithmetic operations defined by C++ library

 Nb: if you want to use these you must put a #include statement at the start of your program
EXAMPLES OF ARITHMETIC
OPERATIONS DEFINED BY C++ LIBRARY

#include<iostream.h>
#nclude<math.h>//including c++ library
int main()
{
cosin of 10 is =-0.839072
float n=10;
float m=cos(n);
Cout<<“cosin of 10 is =“<<m;
return 0;
}
 …
 Relational Operators
 Used for comparing numeric quantities.
 …
 Logical Operators
 Used for combining logical expression
 …
 Bitwise Operators
 …
 Example
 …
 Increment/decrement Operators
 INCREMENT OPERATOR
EXAMPLE
#include<iostream.h> #include<iostream.h>
#include<iostream.h>
int main() int
int main()
main()
{ {{
int x=10, y=15; int
int x=10,
x=10, y=15;
y=15;
cout<<“pre_increment of x is=“<<++x; cout<<“pre_increment
cout<<“pre_increment of
of xx is=“<<++x;
is=“<<++x;
cout<<endl; cout<<endl;
cout<<endl;
cout<<“post_increment of y is=“<<y++; cout<<“post_increment
cout<<“post_increment of
of yy is=“<<y++;
is=“<<y++;
return 0; return
return 0;
0;
} }}
LAB EXERCISE
Write c++ programs for the following problems
1. displaying hello world
2. addition of numbers
3. area of a circle using user input data
4. value swapping between variable using third variable
5. that will calculate simple interest