Project Report
on
Industrial and Field Exposure Training
June 2012 to 26 July 2012)
At
ALL INDIA RADIO, ALMORA
ALL INDIA RADIO, ALMORA
The motto of All India Radio is educating entertaining
and informing people of this region.
A radio station with type one station facilities & 1KW
MW transmitter was made on 15/6/1986 by Shri
V.N.Gadgil.
This Radio station has a Control room, Receiving Room
and other associated technical facilities.
Operative frequency of this station is 999 KHZ and
coverage area of this station is 23 Km to 42 Km.
Introduction to AIR
Radio is the transmission of signals by
Modulation of electromagnetic waves with
frequencies below those of visible light.
Radio is based on wireless communication or
satellite communication.
PRINCIPLE OF AIR
1. TRANSMITTING:
Step1. A Radio wave carries information signal.
Step2. Signals are converted into electrical
signals.
Step3. A carrier wave is then produced from the
modulation.
Step4. The wave is then amplified , and sent to
the antenna.
Step5. The antenna then converts signal into an
EM wave.
2. RECEIVING:
Step1. An antenna on receiving the signal
send it to the receiver.
Step2. The receiver then converts the
electrical signal and sends it to the
amplifier.
Step3. With the help of speaker/headphones jack
this is converted into a sound wave.
BASIC ELEMENTS USED IN AIR
1. MICROPHONES
2. COMPACT DISC AND PLAYERS
3. AUDIO PROCESSOR
4. CONSOLE TAPE RECODER (CTR)
5. AUDIO AMPLIFIERS
6. TRANSMITTER
7. CAPTIVE EARTH STATION(CES)
8. TRAVELING WAVE TUBE AMPLIFIER (TWTA)
1.MICROPHONES :
It converts sound waves into electrical signal
When sound waves strike a microphone’s
diaphragm, they cause it to move within an
electro-magnetic field
This electro-magnetic field in turn creates a
variance in an electrical current.
This signal is then transmitted to output device
which reproduce the original sound waves and
reinforce it.
Special Microphones:
Combined Microphones.
Lip Ribbon Microphones.
Lapel Microphones.
Contact Microphones.
Gun Microphones.
Cordless Microphones.
2. COMPACT DISC AND PLAYERS
It is a digital audio storage medium.
It stores 0 & 1 as a digital medium.
1 is stored at the pits and 0 is stored at ‘FLATS’ or
‘no-pits’.
In the disc medium optical methods are used for
writing out recoding process.
3.AUDIO PROCESSOR :
Analog audio signal is converted into digital
signal by ADCS with 16 linear quantization at a
sampling frequency rate of 44.1 KHz.
FUNCTIONS OF AUDIO PROCESSORS
Prevent over modulation as much possible and
minimize it when it occurs.
Compensate for non-linear transmitter, more
common with medium wave and short wave
broadcasting.
Adjust overall loudness to desired level.
Correct errors in audio levels.
4.CONSOLE TAPE RECODER(CTR):
Console tape recorder is an audio storage device.
5.Audio Amplifiers
An audio amplifier is an electronic
amplifier that amplifies low-power
audio signals.
It performs tasks like pre-
amplification, equalization, tone control,
mixing effects.
AUDIO AMPLIFIERS used in AIR
Pre-Amplifier:
It is the first amplifier in the broadcast
chain.
The output from a microphone or a
pickup which is at very low level is fed
to its input
Programme Amplifier:
Programme amplifier provides second stage of
amplification.
The output obtained from the fader box or
mixing console is fed to the input of this
amplifier.
This amplifier gives a maximum output.
Monitoring Amplifier:
These Amplifiers are used as a boosting
module for the signals.
Output from programme amplifier is not
enough to drive the loudspeaker.
Therefore these amplifiers are provided to
boost these signals further.
6.TRANSMITTER
Transmitter provides a power output of
1000 W on carrier.
A medium wave antenna is used as a
transmitter.
Almora station is provided with a 1KW
Medium Wave Transmitter operating on the
frequency of 999 kHz.
7.CAPTIVE EARTH STATION(CES)
CES are used to uplink its programme for
distribution in its Network through satellite.
The programme up linked by the CES is
received by other AIR stations with their radio
networking terminals
8.TRAVELING WAVE TUBE AMPLIFIER
TWTA is an electronic device used to amplify radio
frequency signals to high power.
Its operating frequencies range from 300 MHz to
50 GHz.
STUDIO CHAIN IN AIR STATION
1.BROADCAST STUDIO:
It is an acoustically treated room to
give minimum noise level.
Microphones, Turn Table, Tape Disk,
CD & are some equipments used in
Broadcast Studio
2.STUDIO CENTER
Studio Center comprises of one and
more studios
Recording Room:
Equipment provided in recording room are console
tape recorded console tape decks, recording,
dubbing panel having switches, Jacks and Keys.
Dubbing Room :
Arrangement similar to recording room except that as
additional tape deck and mixer unit has been
provided.
Loudspeakers :
Opposite function to microphone it converts electrical
signal into sound wave.
CONTROL ROOM:
Control room consists of control console.
Control console is also known as switching
console.
MODULATION PROCESS
Modulation is a process of superimposing information
on a carrier by varying one of its parameters
(amplitude, frequency or phase).
Need for Modulation
Antenna size can be reduced by modulating the
signal over higher frequency.
To differentiate among transmissions (stations)
Maximum to minimum frequency ratio can be
reduced to minimum by modulating the signal on a
high frequency.
TYPES OF MODULATION
There are basically 3 types of modulation process.
Amplitude Modulation.
Angle Modulation.
Pulse Modulation.
SATELLITE
What is Satellite
NATURAL OR ARTIFICIAL OBJECT THAT
REVOLVES AROUND A LARGER
ASTRONOMICAL OBJECT, USUALLY A
PLANET. THE MOON IS THE MOST
OBVIOUS EXAMPLE.
SATELLITE SERVICES
FIXED SATELLITE SERVICE (FSS).
Example: Point to Point Communication.
MOBILE SATELLITE SERVICE (MSS).
Example: Satellite Television/Radio
Also called Direct Broadcast Service (DBS).
BROADCASTING SATELLITE SERVICE
(BSS).
Example: Satellite Phones.
Types of Satellites
Satellite Orbits
GEO
LEO
MEO
Molniya Orbit
HAPs
Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)
These satellites are in orbit 35,863 km above the
earth’s surface along the equator.
Objects in Geostationary orbit revolve around
the earth at the same speed as the earth rotates.
This means GEO satellites remain in the same
position relative to the surface of earth.
Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
LEO satellites are much closer to the earth than
GEO satellites, ranging from 500 to 1,500 km
above the surface.
LEO satellites don’t stay in fixed position
relative to the surface, and are only visible for
15 to 20 minutes each pass.
A network of LEO satellites is necessary for
LEO satellites to be useful.
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
A MEO satellite is in orbit somewhere between
8,000 km and 18,000 km above the earth’s
surface.
MEO satellites are similar to LEO satellites in
functionality.
MEO satellites are visible for much longer
periods of time than LEO satellites, usually
between 2 to 8 hours.
MEO satellites have a larger coverage area than
LEO satellites.
Molniya Orbit Satellites
Used by Russia for decades.
Molniya Orbit is an elliptical orbit. The satellite
remains in a nearly fixed position relative to earth for
eight hours.
A series of three Molniya satellites can act like a GEO
satellite.
Useful in near polar regions.
High Altitude Platform (HAP)
One of the newest ideas in satellite
communication.
A blimp or plane around 20 km above
the earth’s surface is used as a satellite.
HAPs would have very small coverage
area, but would have a comparatively
strong signal.
Cheaper to put in position, but would
require a lot of them in a network.
OBJECTIVE OF AIR STATION
To upload the unity and integrity of the country and
the values enshrined in the constitution.
To promote national integration.
To provide adequate coverage to the diverse culture,
sports, game and current affairs.
To safe guard citizen’s right to be informed on all
matters of public interest and presenting a fair &
balance flow of information.
THANK YOU
