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Principals of Database (22321) : Prepared by Ms. Khan Sameera I/C If Hod M.H.Saboo Siddik Polytechnic

The document provides an overview of key concepts in database management including: 1) It describes the components of a database including hardware, software, data, people, and procedures. 2) It discusses different types of database management systems including object-oriented, relational, object-relational, graph, cloud, and NoSQL databases. 3) It explains three levels of data abstraction - physical, logical, and view levels - that provide different perspectives of the stored data.

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232 views56 pages

Principals of Database (22321) : Prepared by Ms. Khan Sameera I/C If Hod M.H.Saboo Siddik Polytechnic

The document provides an overview of key concepts in database management including: 1) It describes the components of a database including hardware, software, data, people, and procedures. 2) It discusses different types of database management systems including object-oriented, relational, object-relational, graph, cloud, and NoSQL databases. 3) It explains three levels of data abstraction - physical, logical, and view levels - that provide different perspectives of the stored data.

Uploaded by

PRABHAKAR MORE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Principals of Database

(22321)

Prepared by
Ms. Khan Sameera
I/c IF HOD
M.H.Saboo Siddik Polytechnic.
Syllabus
Chapter 1: Basics of Database and Architecture (12M).

Chapter 2: Data Models and Database Types(12M).

Chapter 3: Database Design using ER Model (14M).

Chapter 4: Relational Database Model (18M).

Chapter 5: Normalization (14M).


Book

Database System Concepts by


Korth
Suggested Specification Table for
Question Paper Design
R D B M S

Relational Database Management System

Table Collection of Information Specify by user


Chapter 1

Basics of database and


Architecture (12M)
Data
Data is the collection of facts , figure or
numbers stored in the database.
A program is a set of instruction.
Data is every thing that is not program code.

Data Information

Raw material The processed


/ Junk data data
Database
A database is the collection of information
that is organized so that it can easily be
accessed , managed & updated.

DBMS
DBMS is a collection of Interrelated data.
Primary goal of DBMS is to provide a way
to store & retrieve those data.
Relation (Table)
Collection of Rows and Columns is called
Relation.
 developed by Dr. E.F.Codd in 1970’s.
 Rows – Records / Tuples
 Columns – Fields / Attributes
• DBMS provide an environment to store
and retrieve information
Disadvantages of File
Processing System
File Based System
Before DBMS was invented, Information was stored
using File Processing System. In this System, data is
stored in permanent system files (secondary
Storage). Different application programs are written
to extract data from these files and to add record to
these files. But, There are Number of disadvantages
in using File Processing System, to store the data.
Disadvantages of File Processing System

Data Redundancy and Inconsistency


Difficulty in Accessing the Data
Data Isolation
Integrity Problems
Atomicity Problem
Concurrent-Access Problem
Security Problem
1) Data Redundancy and Inconsistency
 Data redundancy means duplication of data.

 Same information may be duplicated in several places.

 and Inconsistency means that the duplicated values are different

 Various copies of same data may contain different values.

 All copies may not be updated properly.


2) Difficulty in Accessing the Data
 Difficulty in accessing data arises whenever there is no
application program for a specific task.
 Searching Information.
3) Data Isolation
 as the data is scattered in various file and file may be in
different formats writing new application program to
retrieve the data is very difficult.
4) Integrity Problems
 Data integrity means that the data values in the data base
should be accurate in the sense that the value must satisfy
some rules.

 Data may be required to satisfy constraints.

 E.g. no account balance below 500rs.


 Age should not be negative
5) Atomicity Problem

Atomicity is required to save the data values, it means that


information is completely entered or canceled at all. Any
system may fail at any time and at that time it is desired that
data should be in a consistent state.

Example: If you are buying a ticket from railway and you


are in the process of money transaction. Suddenly, your
internet got disconnected then you may or may not have
paid for the ticket. If you have paid then your ticket will be
booked and if not then you will not be charged anything.
That is called consistent state, means you have paid or not.
6) Concurrent Accessing Problem

many systems allow multiple users to update the data


simultaneously. System must maintain some form of
supervision for this. But it is very difficult to implement using
file processing system.

Example:
• consider bank account A, containing Rs.500. If two
customers withdraw funds (Rs.50 and Rs.100 respectively)
at about same time, the result of concurrent executions may
leave the account in an incorrect state.

• If two programs run concurrently, they may both read the


value 500,and write back Rs.450 and Rs.400 respectively.

• Depending on which one writes the value last, the account


may contain either Rs.450 or Rs.400, rather than Rs.350.
7) Security Problem

 Data security means prevention of data accession by


unauthorized users.

 Every user of the database system should not be able to


access all the data. It is very difficult to enforce such
security problem in file processing system.

 Example
 payroll people only handle employee records, and cannot
see customer accounts; tellers only access account data
and cannot see payroll data.
Advantages DBMS over
File Processing System/
Purpose of Database
Advantages of DBMS File Processing System
No Data Redundancy
No Data Inconsistency
Data Integrity
Data share ability
Centralized Control
Provide data security
No Atomicity Problem
Independence of data & program
Performance & efficiency
Transaction Support
Disadvantages of DBMS

Cost of database
Cost of hardware and software
Storage Capacity
Backup facility
Backup and recovery operation are complex
Maintenance of database and server
Characteristics of DBMS
Control of data redundancy
Sharing of data
Data Integrity
Transaction Control - Rollback
Data Independence
Concurrency Control
Data Security
Data Recovery – Backup and restore
Comparison between
File Processing System and
DBMS
Sr. File Processing System DBMS
No.
1. Data Redundancy and No Data Redundancy and Inconsistency
Inconsistency
2. Data accessing is difficult Easy to access data

3. Data is Isolation Data is Integrated

4. Atomicity Problem No Atomicity Problem

5. Less Security More Security

6. Transaction Problem No Transaction Problem

7. Concurrent accessing problem No Concurrent accessing problem

8. Cost is less Cost is High

9. Single User System Multiple User System

10. Less storage capacity More storage capacity


Different types of Database

OODBMS (Object Oriented DBMS)


RDBMS (Relational DBMS)
ORDBMS (Object Relational DBMS)
Graph Database
Cloud Database
NoSQL Database

Distributed and Centralized Database


Database Applications

Banking System

Airlines Reservations

Railway Reservation

 Hospital Management System

College

Universities

Sales

Manufacturing

Human Resources etc


Concepts of Database
Components of Database
Hardware: Can range from a PC to a network of
computers.
Software: DBMS, operating system, network
software (if necessary) and also the application
programs.
Data: Used by the organization and a description
of this data called the schema.
People: Includes database designers, DBAs,
application programmers, and end-users.
Procedure: Instructions and rules that should be
applied to the design and use of the database and
DBMS.
Database Product
Names of various DBMS and RDBMS software's.
DBMS
 FoxPro
 MS Access
 FoxPro W
 Dbase etc

RDBMS
 ORACLE
 My SQL
 SQL server
 IBM DB2
 Sybase etc
View of Data – Data Abstraction
A major purpose of a database system is to
provide users with abstract view of the data.
i.e. the system hides certain details of how the
data are stored and maintained.

Three level of Data Abstraction are


• Physical Level
• Logical Level
• View Level
Fig : Three Level of Data Abstraction
Fig : Three Level of Data Abstraction
1) Physical Level / Internal Level
Lowest level of abstraction
Describes how the data actually stored in the
physical memory like magnetic tapes, hard disks
etc.

2) Logical Level / Conceptual Level


describes what data are stored in database and
what relationships exist among those data. (like
what is the data type etc.)
 DBAs, who must decide what information to keep
in the database use the logical level of abstraction.
3) View Level / External Level

Highest level of abstraction.


It describes only part of the entire database.
Many users of the database system do not need all
information; instead they need to access only a
part of the database. The system may provide
many views for the same database.
Instances and Schemas

Instance
The collection of information stored in the
database at a particular moment is called the
‘Instance of the database’.

Schema

The overall design of the database is called ‘


Database Schema’.
1) Physical Schema
Describes the database design at the physical level.

2) Logical Schema
Describes the database design at the logical level.

3) Subschema
Describes different views of the database.
Data Independence
The data independence can be defined as the
capacity to change one level of schema without
changing the schema at the next higher level.

Types:

1) Logical Data Independence


2) Physical Data Independence
1) Logical Data Independence

The logical data independence is a capacity to


change the conceptual schema without any
changes to external schema.

2) Physical Data Independence


Physical data independence is a capacity to
change the Internal schema without any changes
to conceptual schema.
Database Languages
1) Data Definition Language (DDL)
 It is used to create and modify the structure of database
objects in database. or
 to define the structure or schema of a database
 Commands are

Create: To create new table or database


Alter: It is used to add new attributes or to
modify the existing attributes in the table.

Truncate: It is used to removes all the rows from a table


Rename: Rename statement is used to rename a table.
Drop: removes the data as well as definition(Structure)
of an oracle table.
Data dictionary / Data directory

Data dictionary or Data directory is a


file that contains data about data(meta
data).
2) Data Manipulation Language
(DML)

• It is used to retrieve, store, modify, delete,


insert and update data in database.
• Commands are
Insert: It create a new record
Select: It retrieve records from table
Update: It modifies records
Delete: It deletes records
3) Data Control Language
(DCL)

• Data Control Language commands are used to


control the database objects.
• Commands are
Grant
Revoke
4) Transaction Control Language
(TCL)

• It is used to manage different transactions


occurring within a database.
• Command are
Commit
Roll back
Save point
Architecture of Database
The database application usually partitioned in to 2Tier and
3 Tier architecture.
In Two Tier Architecture, the application is
partitioned into components that resides at the
client machine, which invokes database system
functionality at the server machine through the
query language statements.

In Three Tier Architecture, the client


machine acts as merely a front end and does
not contain any direct database calls. The
client end communicates with application
server. The business logic of the application is
embedded in the application server, instead of
being distributed across multiple client.
Fig: Overall
System
Architecture
Winter-18
1) Define the term Database Schema.(2M)

2) List 4 types of Database languages.(2M)

3) State any four characteristics of Database.(2M)

4) Distinguish between file processing system and


DBMS.(4M)

5) Describe the three levels of data abstraction with


diagram.(4M)

6) Explain three level architecture of Database.(4M)


Summer-19
1) List any four DBMS software's.(2M)
2) Define Database. List any two advantages of
database system.(2M)
3) Define data abstraction. Explain the levels of
data abstraction with neat diagram.(4M)
4) Compare file system and database system.(4M)
5) Explain different operations performed with Data
Definition Language.(4M)
Winter-19
1) Define (i) Data Abstraction, (ii) Data Redundancy.

(2M)

2) Define Data and instance.(2M)

3) Explain three tier architecture of database with the


help of diagram.(4M)

4) Explain components of database in detail.(4M)


Thanking You.

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