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William Stallings Data and Computer Communications

This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 3 of William Stallings' book "Data and Computer Communications". It defines common data transmission terminology like transmitter, receiver, medium, direct link, point-to-point, multi-point and point-to-multipoint connections. It also describes analog vs. digital data and signals, continuous vs. discrete signals, periodic vs. aperiodic signals, and frequency domain concepts like spectrum and bandwidth. Finally, it covers analog and digital transmission methods, common transmission impairments, and the relationship between data rate and bandwidth.

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Lusia Rakhmawati
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48 views

William Stallings Data and Computer Communications

This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 3 of William Stallings' book "Data and Computer Communications". It defines common data transmission terminology like transmitter, receiver, medium, direct link, point-to-point, multi-point and point-to-multipoint connections. It also describes analog vs. digital data and signals, continuous vs. discrete signals, periodic vs. aperiodic signals, and frequency domain concepts like spectrum and bandwidth. Finally, it covers analog and digital transmission methods, common transmission impairments, and the relationship between data rate and bandwidth.

Uploaded by

Lusia Rakhmawati
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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William Stallings

Data and Computer


Communications

Chapter 3
Data Transmission
Terminology (1)
 Transmitter
 Receiver
 Medium
 Guided medium
 e.g. twisted pair, optical fiber
 Unguided medium
 e.g. air, water, vacuum
Terminology (2)
 Direct link
 No intermediate devices
 Point-to-point
 Direct link
 Only 2 devices share link
 Multi-point
 More than two devices share the link
 Point-to-multipoint
 One hub and many spokes
Terminology (3)
 Simplex
 One direction
 e.g. Television
 Half duplex
 Either direction, but only one way at a time
 e.g. police radio
 Full duplex
 Both directions at the same time
 e.g. telephone
Frequency, Spectrum and
Bandwidth
 Time domain concepts
 Continuous signal
 Various in a smooth way over time
 Discrete signal
 Maintains a constant level then changes to another constant
level
 Periodic signal
 Pattern repeated over time
 Aperiodic signal
 Pattern not repeated over time
Continuous & Discrete Signals
Periodic
Signals
Sine Wave
 Peak Amplitude (A)
 maximum strength of signal
 volts
 Frequency (f)
 Rate of change of signal
 Hertz (Hz) or cycles per second
 Period = time for one repetition (T)
 T = 1/f
 Phase ()
 Relative position in time
Varying Sine Waves
Wavelength
 Distance occupied by one cycle
 Distance between two points of corresponding
phase in two consecutive cycles
 
 Assuming signal velocity v
  = vT
 f = v
 c = 3*108 ms-1 (speed of light in free space)
Frequency Domain Concepts
 Signal usually made up of many frequencies
 Components are sine waves
 Can be shown (Fourier analysis) that any signal
is made up of component sine waves
 Can plot frequency domain functions
Addition of
Frequency
Components
Frequency
Domain
Spectrum & Bandwidth
 Spectrum
 range of frequencies contained in signal
 Absolute bandwidth
 width of spectrum
 Effective bandwidth
 Often just bandwidth
 Narrow band of frequencies containing most of the
energy
 DC Component
 Component of zero frequency
Signal with DC Component
Data Rate and Bandwidth
 Any transmission system has a limited band of
frequencies
 This limits the data rate that can be carried
Analog and Digital Data
Transmission
 Data
 Entities that convey meaning
 Signals
 Electric or electromagnetic representations of data
 Transmission
 Communication of data by propagation and
processing of signals
Data
 Analog
 Continuous values within some interval
 e.g. sound, video
 Digital
 Discrete values
 e.g. text, integers
Acoustic Spectrum (Analog)
Signals
 Means by which data are propagated
 Analog
 Continuously variable
 Various media
 wire, fiber optic, space
 Speech bandwidth 100Hz to 7kHz
 Telephone bandwidth 300Hz to 3400Hz
 Video bandwidth 4MHz
 Digital
 Use two DC components
Data and Signals
 Usually use digital signals for digital data and
analog signals for analog data
 Can use analog signal to carry digital data
 Modem
 Can use digital signal to carry analog data
 Compact Disc audio
Analog Signals Carrying Analog
and Digital Data
Digital Signals Carrying Analog
and Digital Data
Analog Transmission
 Analog signal transmitted without regard to
content
 May be analog or digital data
 Attenuated over distance
 Use amplifiers to boost signal
 Also amplifies noise
Digital Transmission
 Concerned with content
 Integrity endangered by noise, attenuation etc.
 Repeaters used
 Repeater receives signal
 Extracts bit pattern
 Retransmits
 Attenuation is overcome
 Noise is not amplified
Advantages of Digital
Transmission
 Digital technology
 Low cost LSI/VLSI technology
 Data integrity
 Longer distances over lower quality lines
 Capacity utilization
 High bandwidth links economical
 High degree of multiplexing easier with digital techniques
 Security & Privacy
 Encryption
 Integration
 Can treat analog and digital data similarly
Transmission Impairments
 Signal received may differ from signal
transmitted
 Analog - degradation of signal quality
 Digital - bit errors
 Caused by
 Attenuation and attenuation distortion
 Delay distortion
 Noise
Attenuation
 Signal strength falls off with distance
 Depends on medium
 Received signal strength:
 must be enough to be detected
 must be sufficiently higher than noise to be received
without error
 Attenuation is an increasing function of
frequency
Delay Distortion
 Only in guided media
 Propagation velocity varies with frequency
Noise (1)
 Additional signals inserted between transmitter
and receiver
 Thermal
 Due to thermal agitation of electrons
 Uniformly distributed
 White noise
 Intermodulation
 Signals that are the sum and difference of original
frequencies sharing a medium
Noise (2)
 Crosstalk
 A signal from one line is picked up by another
 Impulse
 Irregular pulses or spikes
 e.g. External electromagnetic interference
 Short duration
 High amplitude
Channel Capacity
 Data rate
 In bits per second
 Rate at which data can be communicated
 Bandwidth
 In cycles per second of Hertz
 Constrained by transmitter and medium
Required Reading
 Stallings chapter 3

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