Networking Basics

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

and
IP Addressing

Version 3.0
Cisco Regional Networking Academy
Objectives

• Explain why the Internet was developed and how TCP/IP fits the design
of the Internet.
• List the four layers of the TCP/IP model.
• Describe the functions of each layer of the TCP/IP model.
• Compare the OSI model and the TCP/IP model.
• Describe the function and structure of IP addresses.
• Understand why subnetting is necessary.
• Explain the difference between public and private addressing.
• Understand the function of reserved IP addresses.
• Explain the use of static and dynamic addressing for a device.
• Understand how dynamic addressing can be done using RARP, BootP
and DHCP.
• Use ARP to obtain the MAC address to send a packet to another device.
• Understand the issues related to addressing between networks.
Table of Content

1 Introduction to TCP/IP
2 Internet addresses
3 Obtaining an IP addressing
INTRODUCTION TO TCP/IP
History and future of TCP/IP

• Created by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD)

• The TCP/IP model has since become the standard
on which the Internet is based.

It is important to note that some of the

layers in the TCP/IP model have the same
name as layers in the OSI model.
Do not confuse the layers of the two models.
IPv4 and IPv6 (IPng)
Application layer

• Responsibility
– Handles high-level protocols, issues of representation,
encoding, and dialog control, and assures this data is
properly packaged for the next layer.
• Concerned
– File Transfer ( TFTP*, FTP*, NFS)
– E-Mail (SMTP)
– Remote Login (Telnet*, rlogin)
– Network management (SNMP*)
– Name Management (DNS*)
* Used by the Router
Transport Layer

• Responsibility
–Provides reliable transport services from the source host to
the destination host (end-to-end) over networks.
• Concerned
–Segments, data stream, datagram.
–Defines end-to-end connectivity between host
applications.
–Transmission control protocol (TCP) – Connection oriented
–User datagram protocol (UDP) – Connectionless
–Flow control provided by sliding windows
–Reliability provided by sequence numbers and
acknowledgments
Transport Layer: TCP

• TCP supplies a reliably transportation between

end-user applications.
• These are its characteristics:
– Connection-oriented: Establishing end-to-end operations
– Segmenting upper-layer application data
– Sending segments from one end device to another end
device
– Flow control provided by sliding windows
– Reliability provided by sequence numbers and
acknowledgments, re-sends anything not received by
acknowledgement.
Transport Layer: UDP

• UDP supplies a unreliably transportation between

end-user applications.
• These are its characteristics:
– Connectionless
– Unreliable: no checking for message delivery.
– No flow control.
– No divides reassembles and messages.
Internet layer

• Responsibility
– Select the best path through the network for packets to
travel and packet switching

• Concerned
– Main protocol that functions at this layer is the Internet
Protocol (IP).
– Provides connectionless, best-effort delivery routing of
packets
– Defines a packet and an addressing scheme
– Transfers data between the Internet layer and network
access layers
– Routes packets to remote hosts
Internet layer (other protocols)

• Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

− Provides control and messaging capabilities.
• Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
− Determines the data link layer address, MAC
address, for known IP addresses.
• Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
− Determines IP addresses when the MAC address
is known.
Network access layer

• Concerned with all of the issues that an IP packet requires

to actually make the physical link. All the details in the OSI
physical and data link layers.
• Also called the host-to-network layer.
• Concerned with all of LAN and WAN technology.
• Defines the procedures for interfacing with the network
hardware and accessing the transmission medium.
• Modem protocol standards such as Serial Line Internet
Protocol (SLIP) and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) provide
network access through a modem connection.
• Network access layer functions include mapping IP
addresses to physical hardware addresses and encapsulation
of IP packets into frames.
Comparing TCP/IP with OSI
Comparing TCP/IP with OSI (cont.)

Similarities:
– Both have layers.
– Both have application layers, though they include very
different services.
– Both have comparable transport and network layers
– Packet-switched technology is assumed.
– Networking professionals need to know both.
Comparing TCP/IP with OSI (cont.)

Differences:
– TCP/IP combines the presentation and session layer
issues into its application layer.
– TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical layers
into one layer.
– TCP/IP appears simpler because it has fewer layers.
– Typically networks aren't built on the OSI protocol,
even though the OSI model is used as a guide.
 Internet architecture
 Internet architecture

• Many LANs connected together allow the Internet to

function. But LANs have limitations in scale, distance is still a
problem.
• The Internet uses the principle of network layer interconnection.
This allows intermediate networking devices to “relay” traffic
without having to bother with the details of the LAN.
• A network of networks is called an internet, the “i” and the “I” in
Internet word.
• The router is needed to handle any path decisions required for
networks to communicate
• The router would then decide how to forward data packets based
on this reference table. The forwarding is based on the IP address
of the destination computer.
INTERNET ADDESSES
Network Addressees

• The A or B to identify the network (address

grouping)
• The number sequence to identify the individual host
• Network address and host address create a unique
address for each device on the network.
IP Address Format
• Each computer in a TCP/IP network must be given a
unique identifier, or IP address.
• This address, operating at Layer 3, allows one
computer to locate another computer on a network.

32 bits
Decimal and binary conversion
Fast conversion
Network layer communication path

• Using the IP address of destination network, a

router can deliver a packet to the correct network
Network layer communication path

• To router forwards packets, the packets must

include an identifier for both the source and
destination networks.
• The network address helps the router identify a
path within the network cloud.
• The router uses the network address to identify
the destination network of a packet within an
internetwork.
• The router uses the IP address to locate the
particular computer connected to that network.
Network and host addressing

• Network address + Host address:

 Hierarchical Addressing Schemes.
Internet addresses (hierarchical)
Internet
addresses

1.0.0.0 2.0.0.0 3.0.0.0 --- 10.0.0.0 11.0.0.0 --- 255.0.0.0

10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 --- 10.255.0.0

10.2.1.0 10.2.2.0 10.2.3.0 10.2.255.0 10.255.1.0 10.255.255.0

10.2.2.1 10.2.2.2 10.2.2.254 10.255.1.1 10.255.1.200

IP address classes
Class A   Network Host    
Octet   1 2 3 4

Class B   Network   Host  

Octet   1 2 3 4

Class C   Network     Host

Octet   1 2 3 4

• To accommodate different size networks and aid in

classifying these networks, IP addresses are divided into
groups called classes. This is known as classful
addressing.
• Different class addresses reserve different amounts of bits
for the Network and Host portions of the address
IP address classes: Class A
IP address classes: Class A

• The first bit of a Class A address is always 0.

• The first 8 bits to identify the network part of
the address.
• Possible network address from 1.0.0.0 to
126.0.0.0
• The remaining three octets can be used for
the host portion of the address.
• Each class A network have up to 16,777,214
possible IP addresses( 224-2)
IP address classes: Class B
IP address classes: Class B

• The first 2 bits of a Class B address is always 10.

• The first two octets to identify the network part
of the address.
• Possible network address from 128.0.0.0 to
191.255.0.0 (2 14)
• The remaining two octets can be used for the
host portion of the address.
• Class B network have up to 65.534 possible IP
addresses (2 16 -2)
IP address classes: Class C
IP address classes: Class C

• The first 3 bits of a Class C address is always 110.

• The first three octets to identify the network part
of the address.
• Possible network address from 192.0.0.0 to
223.255.255.0.
• The remaining last octet can be used for the host
portion of the address.
• Class C network have up to 254 possible IP
addresses (2 8 -2) .
IP address classes: Summary

• 1.0.0.0 - 126.0.0.0 : Class A.

• 127.0.0.0 : Loopback network.
• 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.0.0 : Class B.
• 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.0 : Class C.
• 224.0.0.0 < 240.0.0.0 : Class D, multicast.
• >= 240.0.0.0 : Class E, reserved.
Reserved IP addresses

• Network address– Used to identify the

network itself
– An IP address that has binary 0s in all host bit
positions
• Broadcast address – Used for broadcasting
packets to all the devices on a network.
– An IP addresses end with binary 1s in the entire
host part of the address.
Public IP addresses

• The stability of the Internet depends directly on the

uniqueness of publicly used network addresses.
• Unique addresses are required for each device on a
network.  To make that an organization known as
the Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC)
handled this procedure. Now replate by the
Intreernet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
• Public IP addresses must be obtained from an
Internet service provider (ISP) or a registry at some
expense
Private IP addresses

• According to RFC-1918.
• Organizations make use of the private Internet
address space for hosts that require IP
connectivity within their enterprise network, but
do not require external connections to the global
Internet.
• Class A: 10.0.0.0.
• Class B: 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.0.0.
• Class C: 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.0.
Introduction to subnetting

• Why we need to divide network?

• Network administrators sometimes need to divide
networks, especially large ones, into smaller networks:
– Reduce the size of a broadcast domain, optimized
network performance.
– Improve network security.
– Simplified management.
– Facilitated spanning of large geographical distances.
• So we need more network addresses for your network.
But I want the outside networks see our network as a
single network.
Without subnet

131.3.0.0

131.1.0.0 131.2.0.0

•The smallest group is a single, entire Class A, B, or C network

number.
•The NIC would be woefully short of assignable networks.
Divide network by three

•The NIC can assign one or a few network numbers to an

organization, and then the organization can subdivide those
networks into subnets of more usable sizes.
Subnetting

• Subnetworks are smaller divisions of network.

• Subnet addresses include the Class A, Class B, or
Class C network portion, plus a subnet field and a
host field.
• To create a subnet address, a network administrator
borrows bits from the original host portion and
designates them as the subnet field.
• Subnet addresses are assigned locally, usually by a
network administrator.
IPv4 versus IPv6
OBTAINING AN IP ADDRESS
IP address assignment

static addressing and dynamic addressing

Static addressing
Dynamic addressing

• There are a few different methods that you

can use to assign IP addresses dynamically:
– RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
– BOOTP: BOOTstrap Protocol.
– DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
Dynamic addressing: RARP

RARP Request

RARP Reply

MAC:
MAC: Known
Known RARP server
IP:
IP: Unknown
Unknown
Dynamic addressing: RARP

• Reverse address resolution protocol (RARP)

binds MAC addresses to IP addresses.
• A network device might know its MAC
address but not its IP address in diskless
workstations or dumb terminals. Devices
using RARP require that a RARP server
• A RARP request consists of a MAC header, an
IP header, and an ARP request message.
• Workstations running RARP have codes in
ROM that direct them to start the RARP
process, and locate the RARP server.
ARP and RARP message structure

Hardware type Protocol Type

1: ARP request
2: ARP reply
Hardware Protocol 3. RARP request
Operation 4. RARP reply
Length Length

Sender hardware address

Sender protocol address

HTYPE: 16 bit
PTYPE: 16 bit
HLEN: 8 bit
Target hardware address PLEN: 8 bit
OPER: 16 bit
SHA: variable len
SPA: variable len
Target protocol address THA: variable len
TPA: variable len
Dynamic addressing: BOOTP

UDP Broadcast

UDP Broadcast

MAC:
MAC: Known
Known BOOTP server
IP:
IP: Unknown
Unknown IP
IP Address
Address
Gateway
Gateway MAC
MAC11 –– IP
IP11
IP
IP of
of server
server MAC
MAC22 –– IP
IP22
Filename
Filename ofof MAC
MAC33 –– IP
IP33
boot
boot file
file
Dynamic addressing: BOOTP

•A device uses BOOTstrap protocol (BOOTP)

when it starts up, to obtain an IP address. BOOTP
uses UDP to carry messages; the UDP message
is encapsulated in an IP datagram.
•A computers uses BOOTP to send a broadcast
IP datagram (using a destination IP address of all
1s - 255.255.255.255), a BOOTP server receives
the broadcast and then sends a broadcast.
•The client receives a datagram and checks the
MAC address, if it finds its own MAC address in
the destination address field, it then takes the IP
address in that datagram.
BooTP message structure
Dynamic addressing: DHCP

• Dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) has been

proposed as a successor to BOOTP. Unlike BOOTP, DHCP
allows a host to obtain an IP address quickly and
dynamically.
• All that is required using DHCP is a defined range of IP
addresses on a DHCP server (commonly referred to as a
scope).
• As hosts come online they contact the DHCP server and
request an address. The DHCP server chooses an address
and allocates it to that host
Dynamic addressing: DHCP

DHCP Discover
UDP Broadcast

DHCP Offer
UDP Broadcast

DHCP Request
IP Address
IP Address
Lease
Lease time
time
DHCP Ack
DHCP
DHCP sever
sever IP
IP DHCP server
MAC:
MAC: Known
Known Address
Address
IP:
IP: Unknown
Unknown IP
Gateway
Gateway IP11
IP
IP of
of other
other servers
servers IP
IP22
And
And more
more …… IP
IP33
DHCP message structure
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

• In order for devices to communicate, the

sending devices need both the IP addresses
and the MAC addresses of the destination
devices.
• When they try to communicate with devices
whose IP addresses they know, they must
determine the MAC addresses.
• ARP enables a computer to find the MAC
address of the computer that is associated
with an IP address.
Address resolution protocol
ARP table in host

A M
R
ARP operation

ARP Table:

? MAC
A.B.C.1.2.3
MAC
?
IP IP
197.15.22.33 197.15.22.35
Data

197.15.22.33 197.15.22.34 197.15.22.35

A.B.C.1.3.3 A.B.C.4.3.4 A.B.C.7.3.5

A B C
ARP operation: ARP request

MAC MAC IP IP What is your MAC Addr?

A.B.C.1.3.3 ff.ff.ff.ff.ff.ff 197.15.22.33197.15.22.35

197.15.22.33 197.15.22.34 197.15.22.35

A.B.C.1.3.3 A.B.C.4.3.4 A.B.C.7.3.5

A B C
ARP operation: Checking

MAC MAC IP IP What is your MAC Addr?

A.B.C.1.3.3 ff.ff.ff.ff.ff.ff 197.15.22.33 197.15.22.35

is
at P
h I
T y
m
197.15.22.33 197.15.22.34 197.15.22.35

A.B.C.1.3.3 A.B.C.4.3.4 A.B.C.7.3.5

A B C
ARP operation: ARP reply

MAC MAC IP IP This is my MAC Addr

A.B.C.7.3.5 A.B.C.1.3.3 197.15.22.35197.15.22.33

10.0.2.1 10.0.2.5 10.0.2.9

A.B.C.1.3.3 A.B.C.4.3.4 A.B.C.7.3.5

A B C
ARP operation: Caching

ARP Table:

A.B.C.7.3.5 – 197.15.22.35

MAC MAC IP IP Data

A.B.C.1.3.3 A.B.C.7.3.5 197.15.22.33 197.15.22.35

197.15.22.33 197.15.22.34 197.15.22.35

A.B.C.1.3.3 A.B.C.4.3.4 A.B.C.7.3.5

A B C
ARP: Destination local
ARP: Destination not local
Default gateway

• In order for a device to communicate with another

device on another network, you must supply it with
a default gateway.
• A default gateway is the IP address of the interface
on the router that connects to the network
segment on which the source host is located.
• In order for a device to send data to the address of
a device that is on another network segment, the
source device sends the data to a default gateway.
Proxy ARP

AR
PR
ep
ly

TCP/IP has a variation on ARP called Proxy ARP that

will provide the MAC address of an intermediate
device for transmission outside the LAN to another
network segment.
ARP Flowchart

Send Data
to a device

Is the
MAC address N Send an
ARP request
in my ARP
cache

Y Get an
ARP reply

Send Data
Flowchart: Exercises

• Create flowcharts for the following processes:

– RARP
– BOOTP
– DHCP
– Proxy ARP (in router)
Summary

• Why the Internet was developed and how TCP/IP fits the
design of the Internet
• The four layers of the TCP/IP model
• The functions of each layer of the TCP/IP model
• The OSI model compared to the TCP/IP model
• IP addressing gives each device on the Internet a unique
identifier
• IP address classes are logical divisions of the address space
used to meet the needs of various sizes of networks
• Subnetting is used to divide a network into smaller networks
• Reserved addresses fulfill a special role in IP addressing and
cannot be used for any other purpose
• Private addresses cannot be routed on the public Internet.
Summary

• The function of a subnet mask is to map the parts of an IP

address that are the network and the host
• Someday IPV4 will be completely obsolete and IPV6 will be
the commonly used version
• A computer must have an IP address to communicate on the
Internet
• An IP address may be configured statically or dynamically
• A dynamic IP address may be allocated using RARP, BOOTP
or DHCP
• DHCP supplies more information to a client than BOOTP
• DHCP allows computers to be mobile allowing a connection
to many different networks
• ARP and Proxy ARP can be used to solve address resolution
problems
Q&A