Cell Structure - Ch.
1
Cell Theory
1. all known living things are made up of cells.
2. the cell is structural & functional unit of all
living things.
3. all cells come from pre-existing cells by division.
4. cells contains hereditary information which is
passed from cell to cell during cell division.
5. all cells are basically the same in chemical
composition.
6. all energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of
life occurs within cells. 2
Microscopy
• The ability to study cells is
due to the advent of the
microscope.
• Today there are 3 main
types of microscope in use
1. Light microscope:
• - resolution of 0.2 μm
3
Microscopy
2. Scanning Electron microscope
• Resolution of 10 nm
• Produces a 3-D micrograph image
3. Transmission Electron microscope
• Resolution of 0.5 nm
• Produces a 2-D cut through micrograph
4
Plant Cell TEM Paramecium SEM 5
Cell Types
Prokaryotic: Eukaryotic:
Similarities Similarities
1. DNA 1. DNA
2. Cell membrane 2. Cell membrane
3. Ribosomes 3. Ribosomes
4. Site of metabolism 4. Site of metabolism
6
Prokaryotic: Eukaryotic:
Differences Differences
1. Smaller, 1—5 µm 1. Larger, 8—100 µm
2. No membrane bound 2. Membrane bound
organelles organelles
3. No nucleus 3. Nucleus
4. DNA in circular loop 4. DNA in chromosomes
5. No chromatin 5. Chromatin
6. Smaller ribosomes 6. Large ribosomes
7. 9 + 0 arrangement of 7. 9 + 2 arrangement of
microtubules in cilia microtubules in cilia 7
Cell Structure
• Cells are divided into two regions:
1. Nucleus
― Contains the genetic material
― Surrounded by the nuclear membrane
2. Cytoplasm
― Divided into two components
1. Organelles
2. Cytosol
» Water, ions, organic monomers and polymers
8
Plasma Membrane -
Functions
1. separates the extracellular fluid from the
intracellular fluid
2. Regulates the passage of materials into and out
of the cell / organelle
3. Communicates
– Detects chemical signals from other cells
– Displays antigens
4. Forms junctions
– Holds cells together
5. Anchors proteins
9
Plasma Membrane – which
parts have them?
Organelles with:
1. No membrane (prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells)
• cell wall, ribosomes, cytoskeleton
2. Single membrane (eukaryotic cells)
• vacuole, lysosome, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic
reticulum
3. Double membrane (eukaryotic cells)
• nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast 10
Nucleus
• Cell control and genetics
– DNA found in association with histone
proteins forming chromatin
– Control production of all proteins
• Bound by nuclear envelope
– Phospholipid bilayer
– Pores regulate transport
• Contains the nucleolus
– Synthesis of ribosomal RNA
11
12
The Nucleus
Nucleolus
Pores
Chromatin Threads
Nuclear
(Chromosomes)
Envelope
13
Ribosomes
• Composed of ribosomal RNA and protein
• Site of protein synthesis
• Consists of one large unit and a small unit
• Free ribosomes are usually found in groups
called polysomes and produce proteins for
internal use
• Ribosomes attached to E.R. usually make
proteins for export
14
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Membranous system of tubular canals beginning
at the nucleus and branching out into the
cytoplasm
• Function:
– transports chemicals between cells and within cells
– provides a large surface area for the organization of
chemical reactions and synthesis
• Two types:
– Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
– Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
15
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
– Contains embedded ribosomes
– Transports and modifies proteins produced by
the ribosomes
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
– No ribosomes
– Functions:
• Production of lipids and carbohydrates
• Detoxification of toxins
– Abundant in the cells of the liver, testes, etc.
16
Endoplasmic Reticulum
17
Smooth E.R.
Rough E.R.
18
Golgi Apparatus
• Consists of membranous sacs stacked like
pancakes
• Processes material synthesized by ER (is an
extension of the ER)
• Packages material and provides “address label”
• Distributes material in sacs called vesicles
• Some products for inside, others outside cell
• Secretory vesicles merge with cell membrane
• Synthesis and transport of polysaccharides 19
Golgi Apparatus
Secretory Pathway:
1. Protein-based molecules from RER (ribosomes) and lipid-
based molecules from SER contained in transport
vesicles formed by “blebbing” (or budding) off the ER
2. Transport Vesicle joins with cis-surface of Golgi
apparatus
3. Enzymes in Golgi apparatus modify the contents
4. Secretory vesicle with finished contents breaks off of
trans-face of Golgi apparatus
5. Secretory vesicle joins with cell membrane resulting in
exocytosis 20
Golgi Apparatus
21
Vacuoles & Vesicles
• Organelles which functions in the storage
and/or transport of substances within the
cell
• Vacuoles are large
• Vesicles are small
• Formed from the infolding (pinching off)
of a membrane
• The central vacuole in plant cells also
provides structural support
22
Lysosomes
• Special type of vesicle formed by the
Golgi
• Contain Hydrolytic enzymes
• Function:
– Digestion of macromolecules taken in
by endocytosis
– Autodigestion of damaged or worn
out cell parts
– “Suicide bag” for the destruction of
the entire cell 23
Overview
24
Mitochondria
• Power-house of the cell
• Site of Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP
• Consists of two separate membranes
• Inner membrane contains many folds called
Cristae which contains the enzymes necessary
for the production of ATP
• Central Matrix
• Contain their own DNA and ribosomes
• Self-replicating
25
26
Plastids: Chloroplasts
• Green plants only (chlorophyll makes it
green)
• Chlorophyll captures light energy for
Photosynthesis and converts it into
chemical energy
CO2 + H2O + light → C6H12O6 + O2
• Have their own DNA and ribosomes
• Self-replicating 27
Plastids: Chloroplasts
• One chloroplast has many grana (sacs)
on its inner membrane
• Fluid Stroma bathes these structures
• One granum contains a set of thylakoids
• Thylakoids contain chlorophyll, which
converts sun’s energy into chemical
energy
28
Other Plastids
• Include chromosplasts, which provide
yellow, orange, red colours of plants and
their flowers.
• Leucoplasts are colorless and store
nutrients.
29
30
Cytoskeleton
• 3-D network of fibres which form the
Microtrabecular lattice
• Function:
– Maintain cell shape
– Hold organelles in place
– Act as paths which allow organelles to
move
– Cell division
– Cell movement and muscle contraction
31
Cytoskeleton Microfilaments are shown in
red, microtubules in green, and
the nuclei are in blue.
• Composed of
three kinds of
filaments.
– Microtubules
– Microfilaments
– Intermediate
filaments
32
Microtubules
• Hollow cylinders about 25 nm in
diameter
• Composed of 13 rows of Tubulin
protein
• Function:
– Make up cilia and flagella
– Intracellular transport
– Make up centrioles
– Form spindle during mitosis
33
Microfilaments
• Long thin fibers 4 – 8 nm diameter
• Found in groups
• Composed of the contractile protein actin
• generate movement in cells such as white
blood cells and the amoeba (pseudopodia)
• interact with myosin ("thick") filaments in
skeletal muscle fibres to provide the force
of muscular contraction
34
Microfilaments
• form a band just beneath the plasma
membrane that
– provides mechanical strength to the cell
– links transmembrane proteins to cytoplasmic
proteins
– anchors the centrosomes at opposite poles of
the cell during mitosis
– pinches dividing animal cells apart during
cytokinesis
35
36
Intermediate Filaments
• 8 – 11 nm in diameter
• Organize the 3-D structure
of the cell
• Provide the tensile strength
of the cell (very strong)
• Made of Keratin
(hair,nails,skin), Lamin
(nuclear membrane support)
or other proteins depending
on its function
keratin filaments inside
cells
37
38
39
Centrioles
• Short cylinder made of microtubules
• Involved in cellular division
– Produces the spindle fiber which pulls apart
chromosomes during cell division
• Produce the Basal Bodies
– Basal Bodies form the base of cilia and flagella
• Found only in animal cells (plant cells have cytoplasm
spread and a cell plate made during division)
• The centrosome is the organelle which houses the
centriole
40
Centrioles
41
Cilia & Flagella
• Thread-like projections from the cell
used for movement
• In human body:
– Flagella (long) are found on
• sperm
– Cilia (short) are found in the:
• Respiratory System: Trachea and Bronchi
• Oviducts
• Kidney tubules
42
Cilia & Flagella
• Prokaryotes:
• Arrangement of microtubules produces a
propeller motion
– pulls tail first
• Eukaryotes:
• Arrangement of microtubules produces a
whip-like movement
– head first (pushes)
43
Flagellum
44
45
46
47
48
