Loops and Conditional

Statements
 Conditional
Statements

 In our daily life we do many things which depends on some kind of conditions for e.g.
If I study I will pass exams. If he is hungry he will eat etc.
 So in programming languages also we can perform different sets of actions
depending on the circumstances.
 There are three major decision making instructions:
 If statement.
 If else statement.
 Switch statement.
 If
statement

 If statement is the simplest conditional statement.

 If enables us to check condition is true or false.
 When the condition is true it will execute the statement and when false it will not
execute the statement.
 If syntax:
if(condition is true)
{
execute statements;
}
If Basic
Working

False
Condition

true

Statement
 If
example

 Code:
main( )

int num ;
printf ( “Enter a number less than 10 " ) ;
scanf ( "%d", &num ) ;

if ( num <= 10 )
printf ( “Nice Choice !" ) ;

}
 If else
Statement

 If else is another useful statement.

 It executes statement 1 if the condition is true, and another if its false.
 The simplest form of if else statement: if
(expression)
{
statement 1;
}
else
{
statement 2;
}
If else basic
working

False
Condition 2nd Statement

True

1st Statement
 If else
Example

 Checking a number if it is odd or even string

s = Console.ReadLine();
int number = int.Parse(s); if
(number % 2 == 0)
{
Console.WriteLine(“This
number is even.”);
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine(“This
number is odd.”);
 Nested If
Else

 We can write an entire if-else construct within either the body of the if
statement or the body of an else statement. This is called ‘nesting‘ of ifs.
 Syntax:
if (expression)
{
if (expression) Authorization Authentication
{
statement;
}
else
{
statement;
}
} else
statement;
 Exampl
e

 Code:
if (first == second)
{ Console.WriteLine(“These two numbers are equal.”);
}
else
{
if (first > second)
{ Console.WriteLine(“The first number is bigger.”);
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine(“The second is bigger.”);
}
}
 If ..
Else if

 When you have multiple expressions to evaluate, you can use the if. Else if- else form of
the if statement.
 Exampl
e

 Code:
main( )
{
int m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, per ;
per = ( m1+ m2 + m3 + m4+ m5 ) / per ;
if ( per >= 60 )
printf ( "First division" ) ;
else if ( per >= 50 )
printf ( "Second division" ) ;
else if ( per >= 40 )
printf ( "Third division" ) ;
else
printf ( "fail" ) ;
}
 Switc
h

 Another form of selection statement is the switch statement, which executes a set of logic depending
on the value of a given parameter.
 It enables a program to select among several alternatives.
 It works like this: The value of an expression is successively tested against a list of constants.
When a match is found, the statement sequence associated with that match is executed.
 Switc
h

 Switch Syntax:
switch(expression)
{
case constant1:
statement sequence
break;
case constant2:
statement sequence
break;
case constant3:
statement sequence
break;
.
.
.
default:
statement sequence
break;
}
 Switch
Example

static void Main() break;

{ default:
char grade = 'B'; Console.WriteLine("Invalid grade");
switch (grade) break;
{ }
case 'A': Console.WriteLine("Your grade is {0}", grade);
Console.WriteLine("Excellent!"); Console.ReadLine();
break; }
case 'B': Console.WriteLine("Well }
done"); break;
case 'F':
Console.WriteLine("Better try
again");
 Nested
Switch

 The syntax for a nested switch statement is as follows:

switch(ch1)
{
case 'A':
printf("This A is part of outer switch" );
switch(ch2)
{
case 'A':
printf("This A is part of inner switch" );
break;
case 'B': /* inner B case code */
}
break;
case 'B': /* outer B case code */
}
 Code: Exampl
static

 {
void Main(string[] args)
e
 int a = 100; int b = 200;
switch (a)
 {
}
case 100:
Console.WriteLine("Exact value of a is : {0}", a);
 Console.WriteLine("This is part of outer switch "); switch (b)
Console.WriteLine("Exact value of b is : {0}", b);
 {
Console.ReadLine();
 case 200:
}
Console.WriteLine("This is part of inner switch "); break;
 }
 break;
 Output:
This is part of outer switch
This is part of inner switch
Exact value of a is : 100
Exact value of b is : 200
 What is
loop?

 Loop is essential technique when writing a code – it is basically

the ability to repeat a block of code X times.
 A loop is a way to execute a piece of code
repeatedly.
 Go round and round until the condition is met.
 While Loop

 A while loop will check a condition and then continues to execute a block of code as
long as the condition evaluates to a Boolean value of true or false.

 It’s syntax is as follows:

while (Condition)
{
statements ;
}
Basic Working of While
Loop

false
Condition

true

Statement
 While Loop
Example

Code:
int counter = 0;
while (counter < 10)
{
Console.WriteLine("Number : {0}", counter);
counter++;
}
Output:
It will print Numbers from 0 to 9.
 Nested While
Loop

 The syntax for a nested while loop statement is as follows:

while(condition)
{
while(condition)
{
statement(s);
}
statement(s);
}
 Nested While Loop
Example

 Code:  Output:
int i = 0; Value of i: 0
while (i < 2) Value of j: 1
{
Console.WriteLine("Value of i: {0}", i); Value of i: 1
int j = 1; Value of j: 1
i++;

while (j < 2)
{
Console.WriteLine("Value of j: {0}", j); j+
+;
}
}
 Do While
Loop

 Another loop structure is Do While Loop

 A do loop is similar to the while loop, except that it checks its condition at the end of the loop.
This means that the do loop is guaranteed to execute at least one time.
 The syntax of the do loop is
do
{
<statements>
}
while (<Boolean expression>);
Basic Working of Do While
Loop

Statement

True

Condition

False
 Do While
Example

 Code:  Output:
class Program 12 x 1 = 12
{ 12 x 2 = 24
static void Main(string[] args) 12 x 3 = 36
{ 12 x 4 = 48
int table,i,res; 12 x 5 = 60
table=12; i=1; 12 x 6 = 72
do
12 x 7 = 84
{
res = table * 12 x 8 = 92
I; 12 x 9 = 108
Console.WriteLine("{0} x {1} = {2}", table, i, res); i+ 12 x 10 = 120
+;
}
while (i <= 10);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
 For
Loop

 A for loop works like a while loop, except that the syntax of the for loop includes
initialization and condition modification.
 for loops are appropriate when you know exactly how many times you want to
perform the statements within the loop.
 The contents within the for loop parentheses hold three sections separated
by semicolons
for (<initializer list>; <Boolean expression>; <iterator list>)
{
<statements>
}
 For Loop
Structure

Initializer expression Boolean Expression Iterator

for (int number = 0; ...; ...) for(int number = 0;number < 10;...) for (int number = 0; number < 10;
number++)
{ // Can use number here } { // Can use number here }
{ // Can use number here }
 Executed once, just  Evaluated before each
before the loop is entered. iteration of the loop  Executed at each iteration after
the body of the loop is finished.
 Usually used to declare a
 If true, the loop body is
executed  Usually used to update the
counter variable. counter
 If false, the loop body is
skipped
 Also called test counter.
 For Loop
Example

 Code:  Output:
For( int i= 0; i<8 ; i++) 0
1
{
2
Console.WritleLine(i);
3
}
4
5
6
7
 Nested For
Loop

 The syntax for a nested for loop statement in C# is as follows:

for ( initialization; condition; increment )

{
for ( initialization; condition; increment )
{
statement(s);
}
statement(s);
}
 Example

 Code:
int n = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
for(int row = 1; row <= n; row++)  Output:
{ 1
for(int column = 1; column <= row;
12
column++)
{ ....

Console.Write("{0} ", column); 1 2 3 ... n

}
Console.WriteLine();
}
Thank
you!