PROJECT

FORMULATION AND
MANAGEMENT
 CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Meaning of project
 Characteristics of a project
 Meaning & Definitions of PM
 Meaning of Project Formulation
 Why plan
 Meaning of participation
 Principles of PF
 Basic ideas/principles of PF
 Meaning & Definitions of PF
 Advantages of PF
 CBS-cost benefit analysis
 PRA Techniques
 Resource Mapping
 Wealth ranking
 Transects
 Interviews
 observations
 An Ideal project is one which is
 Carefully selected
 Carefully prepared
 Thoroughly appraised/analyzed
 Timely implemented
 Closely supervised
 Systematically evaluated
 Well documented
 WHAT IS A PROJECT?
 A project is a unique Endeavour to
produce a set of deliverables within clearly
specified time, cost and quality
constraints.
 A project involving a single, definable
purpose or end-item (Results). The
purpose is specialized in term of cost,
schedule and performance requirements.
 CHARACTERSTICS OF A
SOCIAL PROJECT
 Projects are unique
 Projects have a defined timescale
 Projects have defined goals
 Projects have an approved budget
 Projects have limited resources
 Projects involve an element of risk
 Achieve beneficial change
 WHAT IS PROJECT MANAGEMENT?
 Project Management is the skills, tools, and
management process –required to
undertake a project successfully.
It incorporates
 A set of skills

 A suite of tools

 A series of process (time management, cost

management, quality management, change

management, risk management, etc.,).
Definitions of project management
 Project Management is planning,
organizing, monitoring and controlling of
all aspects of a project and motivation of
all involved to achieve project objectives
of safety & within a defined time, cost &
performance.
 project management is a scientific way of
planning, implementing, monitoring and
controlling the various aspects of project
such as time, money, materials and other
resources (eg-manpower) with the
intension of achieving the basic
objectives or goals (technical, costs, time)
while formulating a project.
 Project Management is a set of principles,
practices, and techniques applied to lead
project teams and control project schedule,
cost, and performance risks to pre-determine
objectives.
 Project Management includes developing a
project plan, which includes defining project
goals and objectives, specifying tasks or how
goals will be achieved, what resources are
needed, and associating budgets and timelines
for completion.
 Project Management comprises directing,
controlling, involving (individual or group),
monitor the effective usage of resources,
coordinating and harmonizing them towards
accomplishing a goal.
 Project Formulation
It involves creating a
 Project Plan outlining the activities, tasks,
dependencies & timeframes.
 Resource plan listing the manpower,
equipments & materials required.
 Financial plan identifying the manpower
equipments & materials costs.
 Quality plan providing quality targets,
assurance and control measures.
 Risk plan highlighting potential risks and
actions to be taken to mitigate those risks.
 Communication plan describing the
information needed to inform stakeholders.
 Procurement plan identifying requirements to
be sourced from external sources.
 Why Plan?

 Planning allows an organization to affect

rather than accept the future.
 By having a plan, the organization commits
itself to action.
 Planning provides management with a
blueprint for the project.
 Planning foresees the resources needed for the
project’s activities.
 Planning allows project teams to concentrate
on the task at hand.
 Team members who are involved in planning
will work with a greater sense of purpose
 Principle of in project planning
 Participatory (Involvement of the target group
in planning and implementation)
 Addressed to the specific issues (felt need and
Real Need)
 Should take into consideration the available
recourses.
 Clear Objectives.
 Positive Attitude.
 Commitment
 Contd,
 Flexibility.
 Learn, Participate,
 Be Accountable.
 Keep Informed
 Project as Means.
 Monitor, Evaluate, Assess
 PARTICIPATORY PROJET
PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
 MEANING OF
PARTICIPATION
 Economic Commission for Latin America
1973“Participation is defined as a voluntary
contribution by the people in one or another of
the public programmes supposed to contribute
to national development, but the people are not
expected to take part in shaping the
programmes or in criticizing its contents.
 Acc to Paul,(1987)- “Community participation
is an active process by which beneficiary or
client groups influence the direction and
execution of a development project with a
view to enhancing their well-being in terms of
income, personal growth, self-reliance, or
other values they cherish.
Participatory planning approach shares
the following basic ideas/ principles

 Local people ( Beneficiaries) know about their

situation much better than outsiders. They,
therefore, should lead the development
process.
 It is people’s rights to analyze their situation,
think and plan for the better future, implement
the action and evaluate its results.
 Respect diversities. Different people (from
different economic class, different caste group,
etc.) Have different ideas, different needs, and
different desires. Facilitators must respect it
and listen to all to learn the realities.
 Listen to learn from and support the local
(targeted) people, preferably the marginalized
people.
 Respect indigenous knowledge and practices.
 Development process must be simple and fun
so that even illiterate people can participate
easily.
PARTICIPATORY PLANNING
 It is based on the positive strengths of the local
people rather than problems and weakness
existing in the community. As mac odell says
“if you look for problems: you find more
problems if you look for successes, you find
more success. If you believe in your dreams
you can accomplish miracles. “we, therefore
always concentrate more on finding the root
causes of the success rather than focusing only
on root causes of the problem..
 Positive environment paying attention to the
positive aspect always creates a happy
environment. People’s faces turn bright and
they feel “ we have a lot of good things, we
can do much better than now” by ourselves
during its exercise.
 Always listen to the local people and
encourage them to express and share their
ideas with others. Preference is given to
listening to the marginalized people so as to
learn their realities. As the process is simple,
fun and positive, marginalized people get
excited to participate by sharing their ideas
and feelings.
 Local people set their dreams to change the
community being based on their socio-cultural
context as participatory project planning
always encourage local people to set the
dreams (or development of community. They,
therefore, first discuss to utilize the local
resources for the development of the
community rather than demanding and
demanding funds from
 Change the mindset of the ‘development
facilitator’s ;when development facilitators see
the strengths of local people, they realize the
importance of participatory approach.
 ADVANTAGES OF PEOPLE
PARTICIPATION
→ Efficiency
→ Effectiveness

→ Self-reliance

→ Coverage

→ sustainability
IMPORTANCE OF THE SUBJECT
FOR SOCIAL WORKERS
 Acquire a theoretical frame of project
preparation
 Understanding various stages in
implementation of project.
 Familiarize with various social & action
projects.
 Develop a scientific research temperament in
exploring the current trend emerging in the
project preparation & implementation.
 Provide a clear knowledge of using PRA
methods.
 Helps in sending quality proposal to funding
agencies.
 Helps to identify & eliminating risks in
projects.
 Minimizing the cost & maximizing the
successes
 Help to understand and develop scientific
procedures of operational planning, project
monitoring & project evaluation, etc.,
 COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS
 The overall worth of a project is the main
consideration here, while financial analysis
will go to justify a project from the
profitability point of view, cost benefit
analysis will consider the project from the
national viability point of view. Hear again,
the project design forms the basis of
evaluation. (contd in next slide)----------
Contd,
When we talk of cost-benefit analysis , we not
only take into account the apparent direct costs
and direct benefit analysis of the project but
also the cost which all entities connected with
the project have to bear and the benefits which
will be enjoyed all entities. This strategy is
now taken to be the internationally recognized
system of project formulation.