Unit I – Number System and Codes

 Number System: Base or radix of number

systems, Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal
number system.
 Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,
Division.
 Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

 Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

 BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

12/15/2021 1
 Unit II – Logic Gates & Logic Families
 Logic Gates: Symbol, diode/transistor switch circuit and logical
expression, truth table of basic gates (AND, OR, NOT), Universal
gates (NAND, NOR) and special purpose gates (Ex-OR, Ex-NOR),
Tristate Logic.
 Boolean Algebra: Laws of Boolean algebra, Duality Theorem, De-
Morgan’s Theorem
 Logic Families: Characteristics of Logic families: Noise Margin,
Power Dissipation, Figure of merit, Fan in and Fan out, Speed of
operation, Comparison TTL, CMOS, Types of TTL NAND gate.

12/15/2021 2
 Unit III – Combinational Logic Circuits
 Standard Boolean representation: Sum of Product (SOP) &
Product of Sum (POS), Maxterm and Minterm , Conversion
between SOP and POS forms, realization using NAND/NOR gates.
 K-map reduction technique for the Boolean expression:
Minimization of Boolean functions up to 4 variables (SOP & POS
form)
 Design of Airthmetic circuits and code converter using K-map:
Half and Full Adder, Half and Full Subtractor, Gray to Binary and
Binary to Gray Code Converter (up to 4 bit).

12/15/2021 3
 Unit III – Combinational Logic Circuits
 Airthmetic Circuits: (IC 7483) Adder & Subtractor, BCD Adder

 Encoder/Decoder: Basics of Encoder, decoder, comparison, (IC

7447) BCD to 7- Segment decoder/driver.
 Multiplexer and Demultiplexer: Working, truth table and
applications of Multiplexers and Demultiplexers, MUX tree, IC
74151 as MUX, DEMUX tree, DEMUX as decoder, IC 74155 as
DEMUX
 Buffer: Tristate logic, Unidirectional and Bidirectional buffer (IC
74LS244 and IC 74LS245)

12/15/2021 4
 Unit IV – Sequential Logic Circuit
 Basic Memory Cell: RS Latch- using NAND & NOR.

 Triggering Methods: Edge Trigger & Level Trigger.

 SR Flip Flops: SR Flip Flop, Clocked SR FF with preset & clear,

Drawbacks of SR FF

 JK Flip Flops: Clocked JK FF with preset & clear, Race around

condition in JK FF, Master Slave JK FF, D and T type Flip Flop,

Excitation Tables of Flip Flops, Block schematic and function table

of IC 7474, IC 7475. 12/15/2021 5

 Unit IV – Sequential Logic Circuit

 Shift Register: Logic diagram of 4 bit shift registers - SISO, SIPO,

PIPO, PISO, 4 Bit Universal Shift Registers.

 Counters: Asynchronous Counter: 4 bit Ripple Counter, 4 Bit

Up/Down Counter, Modulus of counter, Synchronous Counter:

Design of 4 bit Synchronous up/down counter. Decade Counter:

Block schematic of IC 7490, IC 7490 as MOD-N Counter, Ring

Counter and Twisted Ring Counter

12/15/2021 6
 Unit V – Data Converters and PLDs
 Data Converters: DAC: Types, weighted resistor circuit and R-2R

Ladder circuit, DAC IC 0808 specifications, ADC: Block diagram,

types and working of Dual Slope ADC, SAR ADC, ADC IC

0808/0809 specification

 Memory: RAM and ROM basic building blocks, read and write

operation, types of semiconductor memories.

 PLD: Basic building blocks and types of PLDs, PLA, PAL, GAL.

 CPLD: Basic building blocks and functionality.

12/15/2021 7
 Unit-I
Number System and
Codes

12/15/2021 8
 Unit Outcomes

 Convert the given number into the specified

number
system.

 Perform the binary airthmetic operation on the

given binary numbers.

 Convert the given coded number into other

specified code.

 Add the given two decimal numbers using BCD code.

12/15/2021 9
Analog Vs Digital

Analog Signal Digital Signal

• Continuous • Discrete
• Infinite range of values • Finite range of values (2)
• More exact values, • Not as exact as analog, but
but more difficult to work easier to work with
with
Example:
A digital thermostat in a room displays a temperature of 72. An analog
thermometer measures the room temperature at 72.482. The analog value is
continuous and more accurate, but the digital value is more than adequate for
the application and significantly easier to process electronically.

12/15/2021 10
Example of Analog Vs Digital System

Digital
advantages
:
Battery life
Programmabilit
y Accuracy

12/15/2021 11
The World is Analog
 The world we live in is analog.

 We are analog.

 Any inputs we can perceive are analog.

 For example,

– sounds are analog signals; they are continuous time and

continuous
value.
– Our ears listen to analog signals and we speak with analog signals.

– Images, pictures, and video are all analog at the source and our eyes are
analog sensors.
– Measuring our heartbeat, tracking our activity, all requires processing
analog sensor information.
12/15/2021 12
 Examples of Analog Signal
 An analog signal can be any time-varying signal.
 Minimum and maximum values can be either positive or negative.
 They can be periodic (repeating) or non-periodic.
 Sine waves and square waves are two common analog signals.
 Note that this square wave is not a digital signal because its minimum value is
negative.
 Video and Audio

0 volts

9/10/2018 Sine Wave S qu a r e

12/15/2021
A m ti Ne v a es Random-Periodic 23
Parts of Analog Signal

Period
(T)

Frequency:
Amplitude
(peak)
1
Amplitude F  T Hz
(peak-to-peak)

12/15/2021 14
Pros and Cons Analog Signal
 Advantages
 Major advantages of the Analog signal is infinite amount of data.
 Density is much higher.
 Easy processing.

 Disadvantages
 Unwanted noise in recording.
 If we transmit data at long distance then unwanted disturbance is
there.
 Generation loss is also a big con of analog signals.

12/15/2021 15
Logic Levels
Before examining digital signals, we must define logic levels. A logic
level is a voltage level that represents a defined digital state.
 Logic HIGH: The higher of two voltages, typically 5 volts
 Logic LOW: The lower of two voltages, typically 0 volts

5.0 v

Logic High
Logic Level Voltage True/False On/Off 0/1
HIGH 5 volts True On 1
2.0 v Invali
d LOW 0 volts False Off 0
Logic
0.8 v Level

0.0 v Logic Low

12/15/2021 16
 Examples of Digital Signal
 Digital signal are commonly referred to as square waves or clock
signals.
 Their minimum value must be 0 volts, and their maximum value
must be 5 volts.
 They can be periodic (repeating) or non-periodic.
 The time the signal is high (tH) can vary anywhere from 1% of the
period to 99% of the period.
 Text and Integers.
5 volts

0 volts

12/15/2021 17
 Parts of Digital Signal
Amplitude:
For digital signals, this will ALWAYS be Falling Edge
5 volts.
Period:

Amplitude
The time it takes for a periodic signal to
repeat. (seconds) Time Time
Frequency: High Low
A measure of the number of (tH) (tL)
occurrences of the signal per second.

(Hertz, Hz) Rising Edge

Period (T)
Time High (tH):
The time the signal is at 5 v.
Time Low (tL): Frequency:
The time the signal is at 0 v.
1 t
Duty Cycle: F  T Hz DutyCycle  TH 100%
The ratio of tH to the total period (T).
Rising Edge:
A 0-to-1 transition of the signal.
Falling Edge:
A 1-to-0 transition of the signal. 12/15/2021 18
Pros and Cons Digital Signal

 Advantages
 Because of their digital nature they can travel faster
in over digital lines.
 Ability to transfer more data as compared to analog.

 Disadvantages
 Greater bandwidth is essential.

 Systems and processing is more complex.

12/15/2021 19
Example of using digital over analog:

Noisy channel

Noisy channel

 Digital systems are less sensitive to noise

 As long as 0 is distinguishable from 1

12/15/2021 20
Analog Vs Digital

 Analog system
 The physical quantities or may
signals continuously over a specified vary

range.system
 Digital
 The physical quantities or signals can assume
only discrete values.
 Greater accuracy

12/15/2021 21
Analog Vs Digital

X(t) X(t)

t t
Analog signal Digital signal

12/15/2021 22
Advantages of Digital System over Analog System

 Digital Systems are easier to design

 Information storage is easy
 Accuracy & Precision are greater
 Digital systems are more versatile
 Digital circuits are less affected by noise
 More digital circuitry can be fabricated on IC chips
 Reliability is more

12/15/2021 23
What is Signal?
 A signal is a physical quantity (sound, light, voltage, current) that
carries information
– The power cable supplies power but no information (not a
signal)
– A USB cable carries information (files)

 Examples of quantities used as digital information signals

– Voltage: 5V (logic 1), 0V (logic 0) in digital circuits

– Magnetic field orientation in magnetic hard disks

– Pits and lands on the CD surface reflect the light from the
laser differently, and that difference is encoded as binary data
12/15/2021 24
 Unit I – Number System and Codes
 Number System: Base or radix of number
systems,
Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal number system.
 Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,
Division.
 Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

 Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

 BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

12/15/2021 25
Number System

 A number system defines a set of values used to

represent quantity.

12/15/2021 26
Different Number Systems

 Decimal Number
System
- Base/Radix 10

 Binary Number
System
- Base/Radix 2
 Octal Number System
- Base/Radix 8
- Base/Radix
 Hexadecimal
9/10/2018
Number16 12/15/2021
Amit 37
 Unit I – Number System and Codes
 Number System: Base or radix of number systems,
Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal and Decimal number
system.
 Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,
Division.
 Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

 Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

 BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

12/15/2021 28
Decimal Number System

 Decimal number system contains ten unique symbols

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9

 Since counting in decimal involves ten symbols, we can

say that its base or radix is ten.

 It is a positional weighted system

12/15/2021 29
Decimal Number System

 In this system, any number (integer, fraction or

mixed) of any magnitude can be represented by

the use of these ten symbols only

 Each symbols in the number is called a “Digit”

12/15/2021 30
 Decimal Number System

Structure:
MSD LSD

....
Decimal No. ...... d 3 d2 d1 d 0 . d 1 d 
2

Positional Weights 103 102 101 101 102

100

Decimal Point
12/15/2021 31
Decimal Number System

 MSD: The leftmost digit in any number representation,

which has the greatest positional weight out of all the
digits present in that number is called the “Most
Significant Digit” (MSD)

 LSD: The rightmost digit in any number representation,

which has the least positional weight out of all the digits
present in that number is called the “Least Significant
Digit” (LSD)

12/15/2021 32
Decimal Number System

 Examples

1214

1897

9875.54

12/15/2021 33
 Unit I – Number System and Codes
 Number System: Base or radix of number systems,
Hexadecimal, Octal, Decimal and Binary number
system.
 Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,
Division.
 Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

 Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

 BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

12/15/2021 34
Binary Number System

 Binary number system is a positional

weighted system

 It contains two unique symbols 0 and 1

 Since counting in binary involves two symbols,

we can say that its base or radix is two.

12/15/2021 35
Binary Number System

 A binary digit is called a “Bit”

 A binary number consists of a sequence

of bits, each of which is either a 0 or a 1.

 The binary point separates the integer

and fraction parts

12/15/2021 36
 Binary Number System

Structure:

MSB LSB

Binary No. ...... b3 . b  1 b  2 ....

b2 b1 b0

Positional Weights
23 22 21 21

20 22

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase

12/15/2021
Binary Point 47
Binary Number System

 MSB: The leftmost bit in a given binary number

with the highest positional weight is called the
“Most Significant Bit” (MSB)

 LSB: The rightmost bit in a given binary number

with the lowest positional weight is called the
“Least Significant Bit” (LSB)
12/15/2021 38
Binary Number System

Decimal No. Binary No. Decimal No. Binary No.

0 0000 8 1000

1 0001 9 1001

2 0010 10 1010

3 0011 11 1011

4 0100 12 1100

5 0101 13 1101

6 0110 14 1110

7 0111 15 1111

12/15/2021 39
Terms related to Binary Numbers

 BIT: The binary digits (0 and 1) are called bits.

- Single unit in binary digit is called “Bit”

- Example 1

12/15/2021 40
Terms related to Binary Numbers

 NIBBLE: A nibble is a combination of 4 binary

bits.

Examples, 1110
0000
1001
0101

12/15/2021 41
Terms related to Binary Numbers

 BYTE: A byte is a combination of 8 binary bits.

 The number of distinct values represented by a byte is 256

ranging from 0000 0000 to 1111 1111.

b7 b6 b4 b3 b2 b1
b5 b0
Higher order Lower order
nibble nibble LSB
MSB
12/15/2021 42
 Terms related to Binary Numbers

 WORD: A word is a combination of 16

binary bits. Hence it consists of two bytes.

b15 b14 b13 b12 b11 b9 b b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1

7
b10 b8 b0
Lower order byte

Higher order byte

MSB LSB
12/15/2021 43
Terms related to Binary Numbers

 DOUBLE WORD: A double word is exactly what

its name implies, two words.

-It is a combination of 32 binary bits.

12/15/2021 44
 Unit I – Number System and Codes
 Number System: Base or radix of number systems,
Binary, Hexadecimal, Decimal and Octal number
system.
 Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,
Division.
 Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

 Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

 BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

12/15/2021 45
Octal Number System

 Octal number is a positional weighted

system system

 It contains eight unique symbols 0,1,2,3,4,5,6

and 7

 Since counting in octal involves eight symbols, we

can say that its base or radix is eight.
12/15/2021 46
Octal Number System

 The largest value of a digit in the octal

system will be 7.

 That means the octal number higher than 7 will

not be 8, instead of that it will be 10.

12/15/2021 47
 Octal Number System

Structure:

MSD LSD

Octal No. ...... . ....

O2 O1 O0 O 1 O
O3 2

Positional Weights
83 82 8 81
0

81 82
12/15/2021
Radix Point 48
Octal Number System

 Since its base 8  23 , every 3 bit group of binary

can be represented by an octal digit.

 An octal number is thus 1/3rd the length of

the corresponding binary number

12/15/2021 49
Octal Number System
Decimal No. Binary No. Octal No.
0 0000 0
1 0001 1
2 0010 2
3 0011 3
4 0100 4
5 0101 5
6 0110 6
7 0111 7
8 1000 10
9 1001 11
10 1010 12
11 1011 13
12 1100 14
9/10/2018 13 Am1it1N0ev1ase 15
12/15/2021
60
 Unit I – Number System and Codes
 Number System: Base or radix of number systems,
Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal number
system.
 Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,
Division.
 Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

 Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

 BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

12/15/2021
Hexadecimal Number System (HEX)

 Binary numbers are long. These numbers are fine

for machines but are too lengthy to be handled by
human beings. So there is a need to represent the
binary numbers concisely.

 One number system developed with this objective

is the hexadecimal number system (or Hex)

12/15/2021
Hexadecimal Number System (HEX)

 Hex number system is a weighted

positional system

 It contains sixteen symbols

unique 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E
and F.
 Since counting in hex involves sixteen symbols, we
can say that its base or radix is sixteen.
12/15/2021
 Hexadecimal Number System (HEX)

Structure:

MSD LSD

Hex No. ...... H H2 H . ....

0 H 1 H 
3 H1 2

Positional Weights 163 162 16

0
161 162
161

Radix Point
12/15/2021
Hexadecimal Number System (HEX)

 Since its base16  24, every 4 bit group of binary can

be represented by an hex digit.

 An hex number is thus 1/4th the length of

the corresponding binary number

 The hex system is particularly useful for

human communications with computer
12/15/2021
 Hexadecimal Number System (HEX)
Decimal No. Binary No. Hex No. Decimal No. Binary No. Hex No.

0 0000 0 8 1000 8

1 0001 1 9 1001 9

2 0010 2 10 1010 A

3 0011 3 11 1011 B

4 0100 4 12 1100 C

5 0101 5 13 1101 D

6 0110 6 14 1110 E

7 0111 7 15 1111 F

12/15/2021
Conversion Among Bases

Possibilities

Decimal Octal

Binary
Hexadecimal

12/15/2021
Conversion from Decimal Number to Binary Number

Decimal Octal

Binary
Hexadecimal

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Conversion of Decimal number into Binary number
(Integer Number)

Procedure:
1. Divide the decimal no by the base 2, noting the
remainder.
2. Continue to divide the quotient by 2 until there is
nothing left, keeping the track of the remainders
from each step.
3. List the remainder values in reverse order to find
the number’s binary equivalent
12/15/2021
Example: Convert 105 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 105 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

2 105

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 105 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

2 105
2 52 1

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 105 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

2 105
2 52 1

2 26 0

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 105 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

2 105
2 52 1

2 26 0
2 13 0

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Example: Convert 105 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

2 105
2 52 1

2 26 0
2 13 0

2 6 1

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 105 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

2 105
2 52 1

2 26 0
2 13 0

2 6 1
2 3 0

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 105 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

2 105
2 52 1

2 26 0
2 13 0

2 6 1
2 3 0
2 1 1

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 105 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

2 105
2 52 1

2 26 0
2 13 0

2 6 1
2 3 0
2 1 1
0 1
12/15/2021
Example: Convert 105 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

2 105
2 1 LSB
52
2 26 0
2 13 0

2 6 1
(105) 10  (1101001) 2
2 3 0
2 1 1
0 1 MSB

12/15/2021
 Conversion of Decimal number into Binary number
(Fractional Number)

Procedure:

1. Multiply the given fractional number by base 2.

2. Record the carry generated in this

multiplication as MSB.

3. Multiply only the fractional number of the

product in step 2 by 2 and record the carry as the
next bit to MSB.

4. Repeat the steps 2 and 3 up to 5 bits. The last carry will

12/15/2021
represent the LSB of equivalent binary number
Example: Convert 0.42 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 0.42 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

0.42 X 2 = 0.84 0

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 0.42 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

0.42 X 2 = 0.84 0

0.84 X 2 = 1.68 1

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 0.42 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

0.42 X 2 = 0.84 0

0.84 X 2 = 1.68 1

0.68 X 2 = 1.36 1

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 0.42 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

0.42 X 2 = 0.84 0

0.84 X 2 = 1.68 1

0.68 X 2 = 1.36 1

0.36 X 2 = 0.72 0

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 0.42 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

0.42 X 2 = 0.84 0

0.84 X 2 = 1.68 1

0.68 X 2 = 1.36 1

0.36 X 2 = 0.72 0

0.72 X 2 = 1.44 1

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 0.42 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

0.42 X 2 = 0.84 0 MSB

0.84 X 2 = 1.68 1

0.68 X 2 = 1.36 1

0.36 X 2 = 0.72 0
(0.42)10  (0.01101)2
0.72 X 2 = 1.44 1 LSB

12/15/2021
Exercise

• Convert following Decimal Numbers in to

its equivalent Binary Number:
1. (1248.56)10 = ( ? )2

2. (8957.75)10 = ( ? )2

3. (420.6)10 = ( ? )2

4. (8476.47)10 = ( ? )2

12/15/2021
Conversion from Decimal Number to Octal Number

Decimal Octal

Binary
Hexadecimal

12/15/2021
Conversion of Decimal Number into Octal Number
(Integer Number)
Procedure:
1. Divide the decimal no by the base 8, noting the
remainder.
2. Continue to divide the quotient by 8 until there is
nothing left, keeping the track of the remainders
from each step.
3. List the remainder values in reverse order to find
the number’s octal equivalent
12/15/2021
Example: Convert 204 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent octal number.

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 204 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent octal number.

8 204
Example: Convert 204 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent octal number.

2 5
8 204
8 204
8 25 4 - 16
44
- 40
4

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 204 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent octal number.

3
8 204
8 25
8 25 4 - 24

8 3 1 1

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Example: Convert 204 decimal number in to it’s equivalent
octal number.

8 204
8 25 4

8 3 1

0 3

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Example: Convert 204 decimal number in to it’s equivalent
octal number.

8 204
LSD
8 25 4

8 3 1

0 3 MSD

(204) 1 0  (314) 8

12/15/2021
Conversion of Decimal Number into Octal
Number (Fractional Number)
Procedure:

1. Multiply the given fractional number by base 8.

2. Record the carry generated in this

multiplication as MSD.

3. Multiply only the fractional number of the

product in step 2 by 8 and record the carry as the
next bit to MSD.

4. Repeat the steps 2 and 3 up to 5 bits. The last carry will

12/15/2021
represent the LSD of equivalent octal number
Example: Convert 0.6234 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Octal number.

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 0.6234 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Octal number.

0.6234 X 8 = 4.9872 4

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 0.6234 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Octal number.

0.6234 X 8 = 4.9872 4

0.9872 X 8 = 7.8976 7

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 0.6234 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Octal number.

0.6234 X 8 = 4.9872 4

0.9872 X 8 = 7.8976 7

0.8976 X 8 = 7.1808 7

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 0.6234 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Octal number.

0.6234 X 8 = 4.9872 4

0.9872 X 8 = 7.8976 7

0.8976 X 8 = 7.1808 7

0.1808 X 8 = 1.4464 1

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 0.6234 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Octal number.

0.6234 X 8 = 4.9872 4

0.9872 X 8 = 7.8976 7

0.8976 X 8 = 7.1808 7

0.1808 X 8 = 1.4464 1

0.4464 X 8 = 3.5712 3

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 0.6234 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Octal number.

0.6234 X 8 = 4.9872 4 MSD

0.9872 X 8 = 7.8976 7

0.8976 X 8 = 7.1808 7

0.1808 X 8 = 1.4464 1

0.4464 X 8 = 3.5712 3 LSD

(0.6234)10  (0.47713)8
12/15/2021
Exercise

• Convert following Decimal Numbers in to

its equivalent Octal Number:
1. (1248.56)10 = ( ? )8

2. (8957.75)10 = ( ? )8

3. (420.6)10 = ( ? )8

4. (8476.47)10 = ( ? )8

12/15/2021
Conversion from Decimal Number to Hex Number

Decimal Octal

Binary
Hexadecimal

12/15/2021
Conversion of Decimal Number into Hexadecimal
Number (Integer Number)
Procedure:
1. Divide the decimal no by the base 16, noting the
remainder.
2. Continue to divide the quotient by 16 until there is
nothing left, keeping the track of the remainders
from each step.
3. List the remainder values in reverse order to find
the number’s hex equivalent
12/15/2021
Example: Convert 2003 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Hex number.

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 2003 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Hex number.

16 2003
Example: Convert 2003 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Hex number.

1 2 5
16 2003
16 125 3 3 16 2003
- 16
40
- 32
83
- 80
3

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 2003 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Hex number.

7
16 2003
16 125 3 3 16 125
- 112
16 7 13 D 13

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 2003 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Hex number.

16 2003
16 125 3 3

16 7 13 D

0 7 7

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 2003 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Hex number.

16 2003
LSD
16 125 3 3

16 7
13 D

0 7 7 MSD

(2003) 10  (7
D3) 1 6
12/15/2021
Conversion of Decimal Number into
Hexadecimal Number (Fractional Number)
Procedure:

1. Multiply the given fractional number by base 16.

2. Record the carry generated in this

multiplication as MSD.

3. Multiply only the fractional number of the

product in step 2 by 16 and record the carry as the
next bit to MSD.

4. Repeat the steps 2 and 3 up to 5 bits. The last carry will

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 0.122 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Hex number.

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 0.122 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Hex number.

0.122 X 16 = 1.952 1 1

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 0.122 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Hex number.

0.122 X 16 = 1.952 1 1

0.952 X 16 = 15.232 15 F

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 0.122 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Hex number.

0.122 X 16 = 1.952 1 1

0.952 X 16 = 15.232 15 F

0.232 X 16 = 3.712 3 3

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 0.122 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Hex number.

0.122 X 16 = 1.952 1 1

0.952 X 16 = 15.232 15 F

0.232 X 16 = 3.712 3 3

0.712 X 16 = 11.392 11 B

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 0.122 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Hex number.

0.122 X 16 = 1.952 1 1

0.952 X 16 = 15.232 15 F

0.232 X 16 = 3.712 3 3

0.712 X 16 = 11.392 11 B

0.392 X 16 = 6.272 6 6

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 0.122 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Hex number.

0.122 X 16 = 1.952 1 1 MSD

0.952 X 16 = 15.232 15 F

0.232 X 16 = 3.712 3 3

0.712 X 16 = 11.392 11 B

0.392 X 16 = 6.272 6 6 LSD

(0.122) 10  (0.1F3B6) 1 6
12/15/2021
Exercise

• Convert following Decimal Numbers in to

its equivalent Hex Number:
1. (1248.56)10 = ( ? )16

2. (8957.75)10 = ( ? )16

3. (420.6)10 = ( ? )16

4. (8476.47)10 = ( ? )16

12/15/2021
Conversion from Binary Number to Decimal Number

Decimal Octal

Binary
Hexadecimal

12/15/2021
Conversion of Binary Number into Decimal Number

Procedure:
1. Write down the binary number.
2. Write down the weights for different positions.
3. Multiply each bit in the binary number with the
corresponding weight to obtain product numbers
to get the decimal numbers.
4. Add all the product numbers to get the decimal
equivalent
12/15/2021
Example: Convert 1011.01 binary number in to it’s
equivalent decimal number.

12/15/2021
 Example: Convert 1011.01 binary number in to it’s
equivalent decimal number.

Binary No. 1 0 1 . 1
1 0

12/15/2021
 Example: Convert 1011.01 binary number in to it’s
equivalent decimal number.

Binary No. 1 0 1 . 1
1 0
Positional Weights
23 22 21 21

20 22

12/15/2021
 Example: Convert 1011.01 binary number in to it’s
equivalent decimal number.

Binary No. 1 0 1 . 1
1 0
Positional Weights
23 22 21 20 21

 (122
23 )  (0 22 )  (1 21 )  (1 20 ).(0
21 )  (1 22 )

12/15/2021
 Example: Convert 1011.01 binary number in to it’s
equivalent decimal number.

Binary No. 1 0 1 . 1
1 0
Positional Weights
23 22 21 20 21

 (122
23 )  (0 22 )  (1 21 )  (1 20 ).(0
21 )  (1 22 )
= 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 . 0 + 0.25

12/15/2021
 Example: Convert 1011.01 binary number in to it’s
equivalent decimal number.

Binary No. 1 0 1 . 1
1 0
Positional Weights
23 22 21 20 21

 (122
23 )  (0 22 )  (1 21 )  (1 20 ).(0
21 )  (1 22 )
= 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 . 0 + 0.25

= 11.25

12/15/2021
 Example: Convert 1011.01 binary number in to it’s
equivalent decimal number.

Binary No. 1 0 1 . 1
1 0
Positional Weights
23 22 21 20 21

 (122
23 )  (0 22 )  (1 21 )  (1 20 ).(0
21 )  (1 22 )
= 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 .
0 + 0.25

= 11.25
12/15/2021
( 1 0 11 . 0 1 ) 2  (11.25)10
Exercise

• Convert following Binary Numbers in to

its equivalent Decimal Number:

1. (1101110.011)2 = ( ? )10

2. (1101.11)2 = ( ? )10

3. (10001.01)2 = ( ? )10

12/15/2021
Conversion from Octal Number to Decimal Number

Decimal Octal

Binary
Hexadecimal

12/15/2021
Conversion of Octal Number into Decimal Number

Procedure:
1. Write down the octal number.
2. Write down the weights for different positions.
3. Multiply each bit in the binary number with the
corresponding weight to obtain product numbers
to get the decimal numbers.
4. Add all the product numbers to get the decimal
equivalent
12/15/2021
Example: Convert 365.24 octal number in to it’s
equivalent decimal number.

12/15/2021
 Example: Convert 365.24 octal number in to it’s
equivalent decimal number.

Octal No. 3 6 . 2
5 4

12/15/2021
 Example: Convert 365.24 octal number in to it’s
equivalent decimal number.

Octal No. 3 6 . 2
5 4
Positional Weights
82 81 81

80 82

12/15/2021
 Example: Convert 365.24 octal number in to it’s
equivalent decimal number.

Octal No. 3 6 . 2
5 4
Positional Weights
82 81 80 81 82

 (382 )  (681 )  (580 ).(281 ) 

(482 )

12/15/2021
 Example: Convert 365.24 octal number in to it’s equivalent
decimal number.

Octal No. 3 6 . 2
5 4
Positional Weights
82 81 80 81 82

 (382 )  (681 )  (580 ).(281 ) 

(482 )
= 192 + 48 + 5 . 0.25
+0.0625

12/15/2021
 Example: Convert 365.24 octal number in to it’s
equivalent decimal number.

Octal No. 3 6 . 2
5 4
Positional Weights
82 81 80 81 82

 (382 )  (681 )  (580 ).(281 ) 

(482 )
= 192 + 48 + 5 . 0.25
+0.0625

= 245.3125
12/15/2021
 Example: Convert 365.24 octal number in to it’s
equivalent decimal number.

Octal No. 3 6 . 2
5 4
Positional Weights
82 81 80 81 82

 (382 )  (681 )  (580 ).(281 ) 

(482 )
= 192 + 48 + 5 . 0.25
+0.0625
(365.24) 8  (245.3125) 1 0
= 245.3125
12/15/2021
Exercise

• Convert following Octal in to its

Numbers equivalent Decimal

Number:

1. (3006.05)8 = ( ? )10

2. (273.56)8 = ( ? )10

3. (6534.04)812/15/2021
= ( ? )10
Conversion from Hex Number to Decimal Number

Decimal Octal

Binary
Hexadecimal

12/15/2021
Conversion of Hexadecimal Number into Decimal Number

Procedure:

1. Write down the hex number.

2. Write down the weights for different positions.
3. Multiply each bit in the binary number with the
corresponding weight to obtain product numbers
to get the decimal numbers.
4. Add all the product numbers to get the decimal
equivalent
12/15/2021
Example: Convert 5826 hex number in to it’s equivalent
decimal number.

12/15/2021
 Example: Convert 5826 hex number in to it’s equivalent
decimal number.

Hex No. 5 2 6
8

12/15/2021
 Example: Convert 5826 hex number in to it’s equivalent
decimal number.

Hex No. 5 2 6
8
Positional Weights 163 162 161
160

12/15/2021
 Example: Convert 5826 hex number in to it’s equivalent
decimal number.

Hex No. 5 2 6
8
Positional Weights 163 162 161 160

 (5163)  (8162)  (2161) 

(6160)

12/15/2021
 Example: Convert 5826 hex number in to it’s equivalent
decimal number.

Hex No. 5 2 6
8
Positional Weights 163 162 161 160

 (5163)  (8162)  (2161) 

(6160)
=20480 + 2048 + 32 + 6

12/15/2021
 Example: Convert 5826 hex number in to it’s equivalent
decimal number.

Hex No. 5 2 6
8
Positional Weights 163 162 161 160

 (5163)  (8162)  (2161) 

(6160)
=20480 + 2048 + 32 + 6

= 22566

12/15/2021
 Example: Convert 5826 hex number in to it’s equivalent
decimal number.

Hex No. 5 2 6
8
Positional Weights 163 162 161 160

 (5163)  (8162)  (2161) 

(6160)
=20480 + 2048 + 32 + 6

= 22566
(5826) 16  (22566) 1 0
12/15/2021
Exercise

• Convert following Hexadecimal Numbers in

to its equivalent Decimal Number:
1. (4056)16 = ( ? )10

2. (6B7)16 = ( ? )10

3. (8E47.AB)16 = ( ? )10

12/15/2021
Conversion from Binary Number to Octal Number

Decimal Octal

Binary
Hexadecimal

12/15/2021
Conversion of Binary Number into Octal Number

Procedure:

1. Group the binary bits into groups of 3 starting

from LSB.

2. Convert each group into its equivalent decimal.

As the number of bits in each group is
restricted to 3, the decimal number will be
same as octal number
12/15/2021
Example: Convert 11010010 binary number in to it’s
equivalent octal number.

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 11010010 binary number in to it’s
equivalent octal number.

0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
Example: Convert 11010010 binary number in to it’s
equivalent octal number.

LSB
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 11010010 binary number in to it’s
equivalent octal number.

0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

3 2 2

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 11010010 binary number in to it’s
equivalent octal number.

0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

3 2 2

(11010010) 2  (322) 8

12/15/2021
Exercise

• Convert following BinaryNumbers in to its

equivalent Octal Number:

1. (1101110.011)2 = ( ? )8

2. (1101.11)2 = ( ? )8

3. (10001.01)2 = ( ? )8

12/15/2021
Conversion from Binary Number to Hexadecimal
Number

Decimal Octal

Binary
Hexadecimal

12/15/2021
Conversion of Binary Number to Hexadecimal Number

Procedure:

1. Group the binary bits into groups of 4 starting

from LSB.

2. Convert each group into its equivalent decimal.

As the number of bits in each group is
restricted to 4, the decimal number will be
same as hex number
12/15/2021
Example: Convert 11010010 binary number in to it’s
equivalent hex number.

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 11010010 binary number in to it’s
equivalent hex number.

LSB
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 11010010 binary number in to it’s
equivalent hex number.

LSB
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 11010010 binary number in to it’s
equivalent hex number.

1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

D 2

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 11010010 binary number in to it’s
equivalent hex number.

1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

D 2

(11010010) 2  (D
2) 16
12/15/2021
Exercise

• Convert following Binary in to its

Numbers equivalent Hexadecimal

Number:

1. (1101110.011)2 = ( ? )16

2. (1101.11)2 = ( ? )16

3. (10001.01)12/15/2021
2 = ( ? )16
Conversion from Octal Number to Binary Number

Decimal Octal

Binary
Hexadecimal

12/15/2021
Conversion of Octal Number into Binary Number

 To get the binary equivalent of the given octal

number we have to convert each octal digit into

its equivalent 3 bit binary number

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 364 octal number in to it’s equivalent
binary number.

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 364 octal number in to it’s equivalent
binary number.

3 6 4

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 364 octal number in to it’s equivalent
binary number.

3 6 4

011 110 100

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 364 octal number in to it’s equivalent
binary number.

3 6 4

011 110 100

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 364 octal number in to it’s equivalent
binary number.

3 6 4

011 110 100

(364) 8  (011110100) 2
OR
(364) 8  (11110100) 2

12/15/2021
Exercise

• Convert following Numbers in to its

Octal equivalent Binary

Number:

1. (3006.05)8 = ( ? )2

2. (273.56)8 = ( ? )2

3. (6534.04)812/15/2021
= ( ? )2
Conversion from Hex Number to Binary Number

Decimal Octal

Binary
Hexadecimal

12/15/2021
Conversion of Hexadecimal Number into Binary Number

 To get the binary equivalent of the given hex

number we have to convert each hex digit into

its equivalent 4 bit binary number

12/15/2021
Example: Convert AFB2 hex number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

12/15/2021
Example: Convert AFB2 hex number in to it’s equivalent
binary number.

A F B 2

12/15/2021
Example: Convert AFB2 hex number in to it’s equivalent
binary number.

A F B 2

1010 1111 1011 0010

12/15/2021
Example: Convert AFB2 hex number in to it’s equivalent
binary number.

A F B 2

1010 1111 1011 0010

(AFB2) 1 6  (1010111110110010) 2

12/15/2021
Exercise

• Convert following Hexadecimal Numbers in

to its equivalent Binary Number:

1. (4056)16 = ( ? )2

2. (6B7)16 = ( ? )2

3. (8E47.AB)16 = ( ? )2

12/15/2021
Conversion from Octal Number to Hex Number

Decimal Octal

Binary
Hexadecimal

12/15/2021
Conversion of Octal Number into Hexadecimal Number

 To get hex equivalent number of given octal

number, first we have to convert octal number

into its 3 bit binary equivalent and then convert

binary number into its hex equivalent.

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 364 octal number in to it’s
equivalent hex number.

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 364 octal number in to it’s equivalent
hex number.

3 6 4 Octal Number

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 364 octal number in to it’s equivalent
hex number.

3 6 4 Octal Number

011 110 100 Binary Number

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 364 octal number in to it’s equivalent
hex number.

3 6 4 Octal Number

011 110 100 Binary Number

011110100 Binary Number

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 364 octal number in to it’s equivalent
hex number.

3 6 4 Octal Number

011 110 100 Binary Number

011110100 Binary Number

0 F Hex Number

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 364 octal number in to it’s equivalent
hex number.

3 6 4 Octal Number

011 110 100 Binary Number

011110100 Binary Number

0 F Hex Number

(364) 8  (F4) 1 6
12/15/2021
Exercise

• Convert following Octal Numbers in to its

equivalent Hex Number:
1. (3006.05)8 = ( ? )16

2. (273.56)8 = ( ? )16

3. (6534.04)8 = ( ? )16

12/15/2021
Conversion from Hex Number to Octal Number

Decimal Octal

Binary
Hexadecimal

12/15/2021
Conversion of Hexadecimal Number into Octal Number

 To get octal equivalent number of given

hex

number, first we have to convert hex number into

its 4 bit binary equivalent and then convert

binary number into its octal equivalent.

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 4CA hex number in to it’s equivalent
octal number.

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 4CA hex number in to it’s equivalent
octal number.

4 C A Hex Number

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 4CA hex number in to it’s equivalent
octal number.

4 C A Hex Number

0100 1100 1010 Binary Number

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 4CA hex number in to it’s equivalent
octal number.

4 C A Hex Number

0100 1100 1010 Binary Number

010011001010 Binary Number

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 4CA hex number in to it’s equivalent
octal number.

4 C A Hex Number

0100 1100 1010 Binary Number

010011001010 Binary Number

2 3 1 2 Octal Number

12/15/2021
Example: Convert 4CA hex number in to it’s equivalent
octal number.

4 C A Hex Number

0100 1100 1010 Binary Number

010011001010 Binary Number

2 3 1 2 Octal Number

(4CA) 1 6  (2312) 8

12/15/2021
Exercise

• Convert following Hexadecimal Numbers in

to its equivalent Octal Number:

1. (4056)16 = ( ? )8

2. (6B7)16 = ( ? )8

3. (8E47.AB)16 = ( ? )8

12/15/2021
 Unit I – Number System and Codes
 Number System: Base or radix of number
systems, Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal
number system.
 Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,
Division.
 Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

 Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

 BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

12/15/2021
Binary Addition

 Following are the four most basic cases for binary

addition
0 + 0 = 0
0 + 1 = 1
1 + 0 = 1
1 + 1 = 10 i.e. 0 with carry 1

12/15/2021
Binary Addition

Example: Perform (10111)2 

(11001)2
Binary Addition

Example: Perform (10111)2 

(11001)2
1

1 0 1 1 1

1 1 0 0 1

12/15/2021
Binary Addition

Example: Perform (10111)2 

(11001)2
1 1

1 0 1 1 1

1 1 0 0 1

0 0

12/15/2021
Binary Addition

Example: Perform (10111)2 

(11001)2
1 1

1 0 1 1 1

1 1 0 0 1

0 0 0

12/15/2021
Binary Addition

Example: Perform (10111)2 

(11001)2
1 1

1 0 1 1 1

1 1 0 0 1

0 0 0 0

12/15/2021
Binary Addition

Example: Perform (10111)2 

(11001)2

1
12/15/2021
Binary Addition

Example: Perform (10111)2  (11001)2

1 1 1
1

1 0 1
1 1

1 1 0
0 1

1 1 0 0 0 0
12/15/2021
Binary Addition

Example: Perform (1101.101)2 

(111.011)2
Binary Addition

Example: Perform (1101.101)2 

(111.011)2
1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 0 1 . 1 0 1
1 1 1 . 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
.

(1101.101) 2  (111.011) 2  (10101.000) 2

12/15/2021
Exercise

• Perform Binary Addition of following:

1. (11011)2+(1101)2

2. (1011)2+(1101)2+(1001)2+(1111)2

3.
(1010.11)2+(1101.10)2+(1001.11)2+(1111.11)2

4. (10111.101)2+(110111.01)2

12/15/2021
 Unit I – Number System and Codes
 Number System: Base or radix of number
systems, Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal
number system.
 Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,
Division.
 Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

 Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

 BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

12/15/2021
Binary Subtraction

 Following are the four most basic cases for binary

subtraction
Subtraction Borrow
0 - 0 = 0 0
0 - 1 = 1 1
1 - 0 = 1 0
1 - 1 = 0 0

12/15/2021
Binary Subtraction

Example: Perform (1010.010)2 

(111.111)2
Binary Subtraction

Example: Perform (1010.010)2 

(111.111)2

1 1 1 10
0 10 0 10 10 0 10
1 0 1 0 . 0 1 0

1 1 1 . 1 1 1

0 0 1 0 . 0 1 1

(1010.010) 2  (111.111) 2  (0010.011) 2

12/15/2021
Exercise

• Perform Binary Subtraction of following:

1. (1011)2- (101)2

2. (1100.10)2- (111.01)2

3. (10110)2- (1011)2

4. (10001.01)2- (1111.11)2

12/15/2021
 Unit I – Number System and Codes
 Number System: Base or radix of number
systems, Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal
number system.
 Binary arithmetic: Addition,
Subtraction,
Multiplication, Division.
 Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

 Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

 BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

12/15/2021
Binary Multiplication

 Following are the four most basic cases for

binary multiplication
0 X 0 = 0
0 X 1 = 0
1 X 0 = 0
1 X 1 = 1

12/15/2021
Binary Multiplication

Example: Perform (1001)2 

(1000)2

12/15/2021
Binary Multiplication

Example: Perform (1001)2 

1 0(1000)
0 2 1

1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 x
0 0 0 0 x x
1 0 0 1 x x x

1 0 0 1 0 0 0

(1001) 2  (1000) 2  (1001000) 2

12/15/2021
Exercise

• Perform Binary Multiplication of following:

1. (1101)2 X (101)2

2. (1101.11)2 X (101.1)2

3. (11001)2 X (10)2

4. (10110)2 X (10.1)2

12/15/2021
 Unit I – Number System and Codes
 Number System: Base or radix of number
systems, Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal
number system.
 Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,
Division.
 Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

 Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

 BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

12/15/2021
Binary Division

Example: Perform (110110)2 /

(101)2

12/15/2021
Binary Division

Example: Perform (110110)2 /

1 (101)2
0
1
101 1 1 0 1 1 0
0
-1 0 1
0 0 1 1
-0 0
1

1
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Amit
226
Exercise

• Perform Binary Division of following:

1. (1010)2 by (11)2

2. (11110)2 by (101)2

3. (11011)2 by (10.1)2

4. (110111.1)2 by (101)2

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 Unit I – Number System and Codes
 Number System: Base or radix of number
systems, Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal
number system.
 Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,
Division.
 Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

 Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

 BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

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1’s Complement

 The 1’s complement of a number is obtained by

simply complementing each bit of the number that

is by changing all 0’s to 1’s and all 1’s to 0’s.

 This system is called as 1’s complement because

the number can be subtracted from 1 to obtain

result
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1’s Complement

Example: Obtain 1’s complement of the 1010

1 1 1 1

1 0 1 0

0 1 0 1

1’s complement of the 1010 is 0101

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1’s Complement

Sr. No. Binary Number 1’s Complement

1 1101 0101 0010 1010

2 1001 0110

3 1011 1111 0100 0000

4 1101 1010 0001 0010 0101 1110

5 1110 0111 0101 0001 1000 1010

6 1011 0100 1001 0100 1011 0110

7 1100 0011 0010 0011 1100 1101

8 0001 0010 1000 1110 1101 0111

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 231
12/15/2021
 Subtraction Using 1’s Complement

 In 1’s complement subtraction, add the 1’s complement

of subtrahend to the minuend.
 If there is carry out, bring the carry around and add it to
LSB.
 Look at the sing bit (MSB), if this is 0, the result is positive
and is in its true binary form.
 If the MSB is 1(whether there is a carry or no carry at all),
the result is negative & is in its 1’s complement form. So
take 1’s complement to obtain result.
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Subtraction using 1’s Complement

Example: Perform using 1’ complement (9)10 

(4)10

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 Subtraction using 1’s Complement

Example: Perform using 1’ complement (9)10 

Step 1: Take 1’ complement of (4)10  (0100)2 (4)10
 1011
Step 2: Add 9 with 1’ complement of 4

1 0 0
1
1 0 1
1
final carry Result
1 0 1 0 0
Step 3:If carry is generated add final carry to the result
12/15/2021 224
Example Continue

1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1

1 0 1 0 0 Result
final carry
1

0 1 0 1 Final Result

When the final carry is produced the answer is positive and is in its true
binary form

12/15/2021 225
Exercise

• Perform Binary Subtraction using 1’s

Complement method

1. (52)10 - (17)10

2. (46)10 - (84)10

3. (63.75)10-(17.5)10

4. (73.5)10-(112.75)10

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2’s Complement

 The 2’s complement of a number is obtained

by adding 1 to the 1’s complement of that
number

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2’s Complement

Example: Obtain 2’s complement of the 1010

228
2’s Complement

Example: Obtain 2’s complement of the 1010

1 1 1 1

1 0 1 0

0 1 0 1 ---1’s complement
1

0 1 1 0 ----2’s complement

2’s complement of the 1010 is 0110

12/15/2021 229
 2’s Complement

Sr. No. Binary Number 1’s Complement 2’s Complement

1 1101 0101 0010 1010 0010 1011

2 1001 0110 0111

3 1011 1111 0100 0000 0100 0001

4 1101 1010 0001 0010 0101 1110 0010 0101 1111

5 1110 0111 0101 0001 1000 1010 0001 1000 1011

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 Subtraction Using 2’s Complement

 In 2’s complement subtraction, add the 2’s complement of

subtrahend to the minuend.

 If carry is generated then the result is positive and in

its true form.

 If the carry is not produced, then the result is negative and

in its 2’s complement form.

*Carry is always to be discarded

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 Subtraction Using 2’s Complement

Example: Perform using 2’ complement (9)10 

(4)10

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 Subtraction Using 2’s Complement

Example: Perform using 2’ complement (9)10 

(4)10
Step 1: Take 2’ complement of (4)10  (0100)2
 10111 
1100
Step 2: Add 9 with 2’ complement of 4

1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0

1 0 1 0 1
final carry
Discard Final Result

If Carry is generated, discard carry. The result is positive and its true
bin9a1/ r0y2/0f1o8 Amit Nevase
12/15/2021 243
Exercise

• Perform Binary Subtraction using 2’s

Complement method

1. (46)10 - (19)10

2. (27)10 - (75)10

3. (125.3)10-(46.7)10

4. (36.75)10-(89.5)10

12/15/2021 234
 Unit I – Number System and Codes
 Number System: Base or radix of number
systems, Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal
number system.
 Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,
Division.
 Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

 Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

 BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

12/15/2021 235
 BCD or 8421 Code

 The smallest BCD number is (0000) and the largest

is

(1001). The next number to 9 will be 10 which is

expressed as (0001 0000) in BCD.

 There are six illegal combinations 1010, 1011, 1100,

1101, 1110 and 1111 in this code i.e. they are not part

of the 8421 BCD code

12/15/2021 236
 Decimal to BCD Conversion

Sr. No. Decimal Number BCD Code

1 8 1000

2 47 0100 0111

3 345 0011 0100 0101

4 99 1001 1001

5 10 0001 0000

12/15/2021 237
 Unit I – Number System and Codes
 Number System: Base or radix of number
systems, Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal
number system.
 Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,
Division.
 Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

 Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

 BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

12/15/2021 238
Gray Code

 The gray code is non-weighted code.

 It is not suitable for arithmetic operations.

 It is a cyclic code because successive code words

in this code differ in one bit position only i.e.
unit distance code

12/15/2021 239
 Binary to Gray Code Conversion

 If an n bit binary number is represented by

Bn, Bn  1,.......B1 and its gray code equivalent by
Gn,Gn  1,.......G1
where B n and Gn are the MSBs,
then gray code bits are obtained from the
binary code as follows;
…………
Gn  Bn Gn  1  Bn  Bn  1 Gn  2  Bn  1  Bn  2 G1  B 2  B1

*where the symbol represents Exclusive-OR operation

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Binary to Gray Code Conversion

Example 1: Convert 1011 Binary Number into Gray Code

241
Binary to Gray Code Conversion

Example 1: Convert 1011 Binary Number into Gray Code

Binary Number 1 0 1 1

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Example 1: Continue

Binary Number 1 0 1 1

Gray Code 1

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Example 1: Continue

Binary Number 1  0 1 1

Gray Code 1 1

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Example 1: Continue

Binary Number 1 0  1 1

Gray Code 1 1 1

12/15/2021 245
Example 1: Continue

Binary Number 1 0 1  1

Gray Code 1 1 1 0

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Example 1: Continue

Binary Number 1  0  1  1

Gray Code 1 1 1 0

12/15/2021 247
Binary to Gray Code Conversion

Example 2: Convert 1001 Binary Number into Gray Code

248
Binary to Gray Code Conversion

Example 2: Convert 1001 Binary Number into Gray Code

Binary Number 1  0  0  1

Gray Code 1 1 0 1

12/15/2021 249
Binary to Gray Code Conversion

Example 3: Convert 1111 Binary Number into Gray Code

250
Binary to Gray Code Conversion

Example 3: Convert 1111 Binary Number into Gray Code

Binary Number 1  1  1  1

Gray Code 1 0 0 0

12/15/2021 251
Binary to Gray Code Conversion

Example 4: Convert 1010 Binary Number into Gray Code

252
Binary to Gray Code Conversion

Example 4: Convert 1010 Binary Number into Gray Code

Binary Number 1  0  1  0

Gray Code 1 1 1 1

12/15/2021 253
Binary and Corresponding Gray Codes
Decimal No. Binary No. Gray Code
0 0000 0000
1 0001 0001
2 0010 0011
3 0011 0010
4 0100 0110
5 0101 0111
6 0110 0101
7 0111 0100
8 1000 1100
9 1001 1101
10 1010 1111
11 1011 1110
12 1100 1010
13 1101 1011
14 1110 1001
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase
12/15/2021 264
15 1111 1000
Exercise

• Convert following Binary Numbers into

Gray Code

1. (1011)2

2. (110110010)2

3. (101010110101)2

4. (100001)2

12/15/2021 255
Gray Code to Binary Conversion

 If an n bit gray code is represented by

Gn,Gn  and its binary equivalent
1,.......G1
then binary bits are obtained
Bn, Bn gray bits as follows;
from
1 ,.......B1

Bn  Gn Bn  1  Bn  Gn  1 Bn  2  Bn  1  Gn  2 ………… B1  B 2  G 1

*where the symbol represents Exclusive-OR operation

12/15/2021 256
Gray Code to Binary Conversion

Example 1: Convert 1110 Gray code into Binary Number.

257
Gray Code to Binary Conversion

Example 1: Convert 1110 Gray code into Binary Number.

Gray Code 1 1 1 0

12/15/2021 258
Example 1: Continue

Gray Code 1 1 1 0

Binary Number 1

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Example 1: Continue

Gray Code 1 1 1 0

Binary Number 1 0

12/15/2021 260
Example 1: Continue

Gray Code 1 1 1 0

Binary Number 1 0 1

12/15/2021 261
Example 1: Continue

Gray Code 1 1 1 0

Binary Number 1 0 1 1

12/15/2021 262
Example 1: Continue

Gray Code 1 1 1 0

 


Binary Number 1 0 1 1

12/15/2021 263
Gray Code to Binary Conversion

Example 2: Convert 1101 Gray code into Binary Number.

264
Gray Code to Binary Conversion

Example 2: Convert 1101 Gray code into Binary Number.

Gray Code 1 1 0 1

 


Binary Number 1 0 0 1

12/15/2021 265
Gray Code to Binary Conversion

Example 3: Convert 1100 Gray code into Binary Number.

266
Gray Code to Binary Conversion

Example 3: Convert 1100 Gray code into Binary Number.

Gray Code 1 1 0 0

 


Binary Number 1 0 0 0

12/15/2021 267
Exercise

• Convert following Gray Numbers into Binary

Numbers

1. (1111)GRAY

2. (101110) GRAY

3. (100010110) GRAY

4. (11100111) GRAY

12/15/2021 268
 Unit I – Number System and Codes
 Number System: Base or radix of number
systems, Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal
number system.
 Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,
Division.
 Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

 Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

 BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

12/15/2021 269
Excess-3 Code (XS-3)

 The Xs-3 is non-weighted BCD code.

 This code derives its name from the fact that each
binary code word is the corresponding 8421 code
word plus 0011.

 It is a sequential code & therefore can be used for

arithmetic operations.

 It is a self complementing code

12/15/2021 270
Excess-3 Code (XS-3)
Excess-3 Code=
Decimal No. BCD Code BCD + Excess-3
0 0000 0011

1 0001 0100

2 0010 0101

3 0011 0110

4 0100 0111

5 0101 1000

6 0110 1001

7 0111 1010

8 1000 1011

9 1001 1100
12/15/2021 271
Excess-3 Code (XS-3)

Example 1: Obtain Xs-3 Code for 428 Decimal

272
Excess-3 Code (XS-3)

Example 1: Obtain Xs-3 Code for 428 Decimal

4 2 8

0100 0010 1000

+ 0011 0011 0011
0111 0101 1011

12/15/2021 273
Exercise

• Convert following Decimal Numbers into Excess-

3 Code

1. (40)10

2. (88) 10

3. (64) 10

4. (23) 10

12/15/2021 274
 Unit I – Number System and Codes
 Number System: Base or radix of number
systems, Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal
number system.
 Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,
Division.
 Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

 Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

 BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

12/15/2021 275
ASCII Codes

 The American Standard Code for Information

Interchange is a character-encoding scheme
originally based on the English alphabet.
 ASCII codes represent text in computers,
communications equipment, and other devices that
use text.
 Most modern character-encoding schemes are
based on ASCII, though they support many
additional characters.
12/15/2021 276
ASCII Codes

 ASCII developed from telegraphic codes. Its first

commercial use was as a seven-bit tele-printer code
promoted by Bell data services.
 Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6,
1960, with the first meeting of the American
Standards Association's (ASA) X3.2 subcommittee.
 The first edition of the standard was published
during 1963.
12/15/2021 277
ASCII Codes

 ASCII includes definitions for 128 characters: 33

are non-printing control characters (many now
obsolete) that affect how text and space is
processed and 95 printable characters, including
the space (which is considered an invisible
graphic)

12/15/2021 278
 ASCII Codes
ASCII Codes B7
B6
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
B5 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

B4 B3 B2 B1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 0 0 0 0 NUL DLE SP 0 @ P ‘ p
0 0 0 1 1 SOH DC1 | 1 A Q a q
0 0 1 0 2 STX DC2 “ 2 B R b r
0 0 1 1 3 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
0 1 0 0 4 EOT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0 1 0 1 5 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0 1 1 0 6 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0 1 1 1 7 BEL ETB ‘ 7 G W g w
1 0 0 0 8 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1 0 0 1 9 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
1 0 1 0 10 LF SUB “ : J Z j z
1 0 1 1 11 VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1 1 0 0 12 FF FC , < L \ l !
1 1 0 1 13 CR GS = M ] m }
1 1 1 0 14 SO RS . > N ^ n ~
1 0/12018 1 1 15 SI m U i St ? O _ o
e/ 28D9EL
9/1 Nevas
A 12/15/2021
 Unit I – Number System and Codes
 Number System: Base or radix of number
systems, Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal
number system.
 Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,
Division.
 Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

 Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

 BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

12/15/2021 280
 BCD Addition

 The BCD addition is performed by

individually

adding the corresponding digits of the

decimal

number expressed in 4 bit binary groups

starting from LSD.

 If there is no carry & the sum term is not an illegal

12/15/2021 281
code, no correction is needed.
 BCD Addition

 If there is a carry out of one group to the

next

group or if the sum term is an illegal code then 6

i.e. 0110 is added to the sum term of that group

and resulting carry is added to the next group.

 This is done to skip the six illegal states.

12/15/2021 282
 BCD Addition

Addition of two BCD numbers

Sum≤9, Carry=0 Sum≤9, Carry=1 Sum>9, Carry=0

Answer is correct. Add 6 to the sum Add 6 to the sum

No correction term to get the term to get the
required. correct answer correct answer

12/15/2021 283
BCD Addition

Example: Perform in BCD (57)10  (26)10

12/15/2021 284
BCD Addition

Example: Perform in BCD (57)10  (26)10

57 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
26 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0

83 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1

Final Carry 0 Valid BCD Invalid

BCD
Code
Thus we have to add 0110 in illegal BCD code
Code
12/15/2021 285
Example Continue

Add 0110 in
only invalid
0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 code

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

(57) 1 0  (26) 1 0  (83) 10

12/15/2021 286
Exercise

• Perform BCD Addition

1. (275)10 +(493)10 2.

(109)10 +(778)10

3. (88.7)10
+(265.8)10

4. (204.6)10
+(185.56)10
12/15/2021 287
References

 Digital Principles by
Malvino Leach
 Modern Digital Electronics
by
R.P. Jain
 Digital Electronics,
Principles and Integrated
Circuits by Anil
K. Maini
12/15/2021
Digital Techniques by A. Anand
288
Online Tutorials

 http://nptel.ac.in/video.

php?
subjectId=1171060 86

 http://www.electronics-

tutorials.ws/binary/bin
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12/15/2021 290