STORAGE SYSTEM FOR A HYBRID
RENEWABLE POWER SYSTEM
Presented by
Abhijith G
Under the guidance of
Dr.Prince A
Department of Electrical Engineering
Rajiv Gandhi Institute Of Technology
Kottayam - 686501 1.
October 2021
CONTENTS
Introduction
What is HRPS?
Configuration
Mode of operation
Bidirectional converter
Operation and control
Experimental results 2.
Fig 1: HRPS
3.
INTRODUCTION
● Hybrid Renewable Power System (HRPS) is a clean alternate solution for
depletion of limited traditional energy resources.
● HRPS consists of more than one type of renewable energy conversion system
such as wind, solar, hydrogen energy, geothermal energy etc..
● When Distribution Power Generation System (DPGS) based on renewable
energy when connected to utility network are not properly controlled leads to
grid failure or instability.
● The storage system is a key part of HRPS for their unstable output power of a
renewable energy system and is composed of a bidirectional DC-DC converter
4.
and batteries.
What is HRPS?
● A Hybrid Renewable Power System (HRPS) is an electric power system that
employs two or more sources of energy such as wind, solar, hydrogen energy and
so on.
● Hybrid systems are more reliable to supply loads in isolated areas than single
renewable system.
● Batteries such as lead-acid or Ni-Cd battery, Super capacitors, flywheels etc.. are
usually applied in HRPS which provide both the energy and power required.
● A bidirectional DC-DC converter is used to charge or discharge the battery bank.
5.
CONFIGURATION
Fig 2: Configuration of HRPS 6.
MODE OF OPERATION
● Stand-alone Mode ● Grid-connected Mode
❖ HRPS not connected to grid ❖ Can inject power into the grid
❖ Generates power just for utility ❖ Control of the grid connected
inverter maintains the ac load
voltage
❖ Stand alone power command ❖ LC filter with inverter controls
control ac load voltage harmonics
7.
BIDIRECTIONAL DC-DC CONVERTER
● Transfer energy from DC bus to battery
bank and vice-versa.
● Two operations - Buck and Boost.
● Requires only a pair of power electronic
device (IGBT).
● No transformer, so more efficient. Fig 3: Structure of Bidirectional DC-DC
converter
● The control system is developed on a
TMS320F2407 DSP from Texas
Instruments.
8.
BUCK OPERATION
● Transfers energy from DC bus to
battery bank.
● Trigger IGBT T1 and disable
IGBT T2.
● Assume 100% efficiency,
Fig 4: Equivalent circuit for buck operation
VB = DVD (1)
Lmin = VB ( 1
_______ - Dmin ) (2)
2 I B fs
9.
Where;
● VB and VD stands for battery and dc bus voltage.
● D stands for duty cycle of the PWM.
● IB stands for rated current.
● fs stands for PWM switching frequency.
● Lmin stands for minimum inductor for continuous current iL .
10.
BOOST OPERATION
● Converter transfer energy from
battery bank to DC bus.
● Trigger IGBT T2 and disable IGBT
T1.
Fig 5: Equivalent circuit for boost operation
11.
VD = VB
______ (3)
1-D
Lmin = VD Dmin (1 - Dmin)2
____________
2 IB fs (4)
Assuming a constant voltage VB, the inductance ripple current , ∆ iL
∆ iLmax= VD D(1 - D) (5)
_____
4fL
● From above, Maximum ripple current occurs at D = 0.5.
● Ripple current ∝ DC bus voltage and can be decreased by increasing switching
frequency or inductance.
12.
WAVEFORMS
Fig 6: Current and voltage waveforms for
typical buck and boost operation
13.
BUCK OPERATION CONTROL
● Microcontrollers and DSPs have
been developed for power supplies
application.
● Two controllers (battery voltage
and current) to manage the energy
stored in the battery bank.
● First the battery is charged at a
constant current to a set voltage
threshold.
Fig 7: Configuration of buck operation control 14.
● As the battery saturates, the current drops and charge voltage remain a
constant.
● Finally, the float charge compensates for the self-discharge.
15.
BOOST OPERATION CONTROL
● Two control loops : inner loop is
current controller for regulating
the discharge current of the
battery and the outer loop is
voltage controller to maintain a
constant DC bus voltage.
● The battery current controller of
the inner loop has thus to have a
faster response time.
Fig 8: Configuration of boost operation
16.
control
● When the DC bus voltage is disturbed, the current controller regulates the
converter for voltage compensation discharging the battery with maximum
current and protects the Deep discharge.
17.
TYPICAL EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
● The control system is developed on a TMS320F2407 DSP from Texas
Instruments and a prototype of the proposed storage system has been built and
tested to verify the principle of operation.
● Battery : 4 cells in series. (12V, 200Ah)
● Power provided : 1kW
● Conditions : CB=840 µF Battery voltage= 48 V
C B= 470 µF DC bus voltage= 110 V
L= 1.25 mH Switching frequency, f = 8kHz 18.
OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF CONVERTER
Fig 9: a) Buck b) Boost
(Charging battery bank) (Feeding DC bus)
19.
ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES
● EDLC (Electrical Double-layer Capacitor) System : Connected to the DC
bus via a bidirectional DC/DC converter with automatic DC voltage control.
● Battery System : Connected to the DC bus via a bidirectional DC/DC
converter with voltage band control. In case that EDLC is fully charged or
empty, the DC bus voltage is controlled by battery instead of the EDLC.
20.
Fig 10: Lead-Acid battery Fig 11 : Supercapacitors
DC AND AC LOADS
● Two type of DC loads: Constant power load and EV charging load simulated
by programmable DC load models.
● AC load: Constant impedance load.
21.
DC/AC CONVERTER DEVICES
● Interconnecting the DC and AC bus.
● In islanded operation, automatic AC voltage control is applied to keep the
AC bus voltage to be constant.
22.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
● HRPS is clean energy system and supplies small power for remote
households without grid for lighting and other essential electrical
appliances.
● Hybrid systems are more reliable to supply loads in isolated areas than
single renewable system.
● In the field of energy storage, Supercapacitors have lower energy density
and larger power density than batteries.
● But supercapacitors have high cost than batteries and batteries have efficient
23.
● Renewable power resources such as PV and wind power generation with
uncertainties under natural conditions cannot supply stable power output to
satisfy the requirements of power demand exactly which is an issue for an
isolated microgrid.
● Here some stable DPGS such as diesel generators and electric power storages
are normally necessary to obtain power supply-demand balance in an isolated
microgrid.
● Lead-acid batteries have lower life cycle and have high maintenance due to
gassing and Ni-Cd batteries are potentially dangerous and have high self
discharge rate.
24.
CONCLUSION
● HRPS consists of more than one type of renewable energy conversion system.
● Storage system composed of a bidirectional DC-DC converter and batteries.
● A bidirectional DC-DC converter is used to charge or discharge the battery bank.
● Two control loops for buck and boost operation control.
● Inner (current controller) loop : regulates charge or discharge of battery.
● Outer (voltage controller) loop : maintains constant DC voltage for boost operation.
25.
● The outer controller regulates the battery voltage for buck operation.
● The control system is developed on a TMS320F2407 DSP from Texas
Instruments.
● Some experimental results of the system are presented.
● Finally the two types of energy storage devices of secondary battery and EDLC,
together with programmable DC load and AC load models and DC/AC
converter devices have also been highlighted.
26.
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27.
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THANK YOU
27.
