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Introduction To Computer and C Programming Topic - 1 Computer Evolution and Performance

This document provides an overview of the evolution of computers from the 1940s to present day. It discusses early computers like ENIAC which used vacuum tubes and had to be manually reprogrammed. The stored program concept developed by von Neumann allowed programs and data to be stored in memory. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, cheaper, and more reliable. Integration led to more devices being placed on chips, increasing processing power and performance while reducing costs over generations from vacuum tubes to today's ultra-large scale integrated circuits with over 100 million devices.

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36 views

Introduction To Computer and C Programming Topic - 1 Computer Evolution and Performance

This document provides an overview of the evolution of computers from the 1940s to present day. It discusses early computers like ENIAC which used vacuum tubes and had to be manually reprogrammed. The stored program concept developed by von Neumann allowed programs and data to be stored in memory. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, cheaper, and more reliable. Integration led to more devices being placed on chips, increasing processing power and performance while reducing costs over generations from vacuum tubes to today's ultra-large scale integrated circuits with over 100 million devices.

Uploaded by

Insiya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Computer and C

Programming

Topic -1
Computer Evolution and
Performance
What is Computer
• A computer system is basically a machine that
simplifies complicated tasks. It should maximize
performance and reduce costs as well as power
consumption and time.
• The different components in the Computer
System Architecture are Input Unit, Output Unit,
Storage Unit, Arithmetic Logic Unit, Control Unit
etc.
Computer Architecture
Generations of Computer
• Vacuum tube - 1946-1957
• Transistor - 1958-1964
• Small scale integration - 1965 on
—Up to 100 devices on a chip
• Medium scale integration - to 1971
—100-3,000 devices on a chip
• Large scale integration - 1971-1977
—3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip
• Very large scale integration - 1978 -1991
—100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip
• Ultra large scale integration – 1991 -
—Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip
ENIAC - background
• Electronic Numerical Integrator And
Computer
• Eckert and Mauchly
• University of Pennsylvania
• Trajectory tables for weapons
• Started 1943
• Finished 1946
—Too late for war effort
• Used until 1955
ENIAC - details
• Decimal (not binary)
• 20 accumulators of 10 digits
• Programmed manually by switches
• 18,000 vacuum tubes
• 30 tons
• 15,000 square feet
• 140 kW power consumption
• 5,000 additions per second
von Neumann/Turing
• Stored Program concept
• Main memory storing programs and data
• ALU operating on binary data
• Control unit interpreting instructions from
memory and executing
• Input and output equipment operated by
control unit
• Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies
—IAS
• Completed 1952
Structure of von Neumann machine
Control Unit
IAS - details
• 1000 x 40 bit words
—Binary number
—2 x 20 bit instructions
• Set of registers (storage in CPU)
—Memory Buffer Register
—Memory Address Register
—Instruction Register
—Instruction Buffer Register
—Program Counter
—Accumulator
—Multiplier Quotient
Commercial Computers
• 1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer
Corporation
• UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer)
• US Bureau of Census 1950 calculations
• Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation
• Late 1950s - UNIVAC II
—Faster
—More memory
IBM
• Punched-card processing equipment
• 1953 - the 701
—IBM’s first stored program computer
—Scientific calculations
• 1955 - the 702
—Business applications
• Lead to 700/7000 series
Transistors
• Replaced vacuum tubes
• Smaller
• Cheaper
• Less heat dissipation
• Solid State device
• Made from Silicon (Sand)
• Invented 1947 at Bell Labs
• William Shockley et al.
Transistor Based Computers
• Second generation machines
• NCR & RCA produced small transistor
machines
• IBM 7000
• DEC - 1957
—Produced PDP-1
Microelectronics
• Literally - “small electronics”
• A computer is made up of gates, memory
cells and interconnections
• These can be manufactured on a
semiconductor
• e.g. silicon wafer

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