MATERIAL SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION
Engr. Joseph Benedict N. Prim
MATERIAL SCIENCE
AND ENGINEERING
Objectives
• To list six different property classifications of materials that determine
their applicability
• Cite four components that are involved in the design, production and
utilization of materials, and briefly describe the interrelationships between
these components
• Cite three criteria that are important in the materials selection process
• List the three primary classifications of solid materials, and then cite the distinctive
chemical feature of each
• Note the four types of advance materials and, for each, its distinctive feature(s)
• Briefly define “smart material / system
• Briefly explain the concept of “nanotechnology” as it applies to materials
Outline
• Historical Perspective
• Material Science And Engineering
• Material Selection Process
• Classification Of Materials
• Advanced Materials
Historical Perspective
Historical Perspective

• Early civilizations have been designated

by the level of their materials
development (stone age, bronze age,
iron age).
Stone Age
Tools
Bronze
Age Tools
Iron Age
Tools
Historical Perspective
• The earliest humans had access to those materials that occur
naturally, the likes of stones, wood, clay, skins etc.
• They discovered techniques for producing materials like pottery and
various metals that had properties superior to those of the natural
ones.
• It was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by
heat treatments and by the addition of other substances.
Material Science And
Engineering
What is Material Science?
• Materials make the modern life what it is....
• From the fiber that make up the dry fit apparel athletes wear, the
concrete in the structure that is the engineering building, the plastic
of your cellphone housing, the ceramic tile that prevents the space
shuttle from burning upon re-entry.
• All these materials are products of material science and engineering
(or technology).
• Briefly define, materials science is the study of “stuffs.”
What is Material Science?
Classification of Materials
by State
What is Material Science?

Classification of Materials by
Atomic Structure
What is Material
Science?

Classification of Materials by
Morphological Structure
What is Material Science?

Interrelationships between
Classes of Materials
 Material Science
• Involves investigation the relationships
that exist between the structures and
properties of materials.
• Develop and synthesize new materials.
Material
Science And Material Engineering
• Designs or engineers the structure of a
Engineering material to produce a predetermined
set of properties.
• Create new products or systems using
existing materials, and / or to develop
techniques for processing materials.
Material Science And
Engineering

• It is a multi-disciplinary approach
to science that involves
designing, choosing and using
major classes of materials.

• It combines the different areas of

science – from chemistry, physics
and engineering to design better,
useful, economical and efficient
“stuffs.”
The Scale of Things
The Scale of Things
Terminology
Micrometer = 1/1,000,000 m = 1μm
Angstrom (Å) = 1/10,000,000,000 m

FYI
A 1 micron wide line on a CD is the same scale as a 100 foot wide
road in North America.
A hair strand is 100 micrometers.
Materials Selection Process
1. Application - Determine the required Properties
Properties: Mechanical, Electrical, Thermal, Magnetic, Optical, Deteriorative

2. Properties – Identify candidate Materials

Material: Structure, composition

3. Material – Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
Examples: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping, forming, joining, annealing
Materials Selection Process
Four components that are involved in the design,
production, and utilization of materials Selection
Process
Processing of a Material
The structure of a material will depend on
how it is processed.

Means that the different ways for shaping

materials into useful components or
changing their properties.
Structure of a Material
Involves the arrangement of its internal
components
1. Sub-atomic Structure
Involves electrons within the individual
atoms and interactions with their nuclei.

2. Atomic Structure
Encompasses the organization of atoms or
molecules relative to one another.
 3. Microscopic Structure
Involves the Contains large group of atoms
that are normally agglomerated
arrangemen (to collect or gather into a cluster
t of its or mass) together and is subject
to direct observation using some
internal type of microscope.
components
4. Macroscopic
Structural elements that may be
viewed with the naked eye.
 Material trait in terms of the
Property of a kind of magnitude of response
to a specific imposed stimulus.
Material
Mechanical
Properties
e.g. stiffness, strength,
ductility, hardness,
toughness, etc.
Physical
Properties
e.g. density, electrical
conductivity, thermal
conductivity, etc.
Chemical
Properties

•e.g. corrosion resistance

in various environments.
Manufacturing Properties
e.g. formability, machinability, ease of joining, etc.
Property of a Material

Mechanical Property

•Relates to deformation
due to an applied load or
force.

•Ex. Elastic modulus

(stiffness), strength,
toughness
Property of a
Material
•Electrical property
• The stimulus is an
electric field.
• Ex. Electrical
conductivity, dielectric
constant
Property of a
Material
Electrical resistivity of copper
• Electrical resistivity vs the
temperature for copper and
three copper-nickel alloys.

• Adding “impurities” to copper

increases resistivity.
Deforming copper increases
resistivity.

Image courtesy of 8th Callister, figure 18.8, p757.

 Property of a
Material
Thermal property
• The heat capacity and thermal
conductivity of the Material.
• Ex. Heat insulator, heat
conductor
Property of a
Material

Magnetic property

• The response of a material to

the application of a magnetic
field

•Magnetic storage – recording

medium is magnetize by Figure 20.18. Callister.

recording head
 Optical property
•The stimulus is electromagnetic or light
radiation
•Ex. Index of refraction, reflectivity

•Transmittance
•Aluminum oxide may be transparent,
translucent or opaque depending on the
material structure
• Engineers make plastic conductive
while also making it more
transparent
Deteriorative
property

• Chemical activity of a
material
Performance of a
material

•A material’s performance will

be a function of its properties

•All have the same material,

aluminum oxide.
 • Processing
• Each material was produced
using a different processing
technique
Performance
of a material • Structure
• Different in terms of crystal
boundaries and pores which
affect the optical transmittance
properties
 Performance of a material
(Optical) properties
1. transparent
Composed of a single crystal, high degree of perfection, cause of transparency
2. translucent – low porosity
Composed of numerous and very small single crystals that are all interconnected.

The boundaries between these small crystals scatter a portion of the light reflected on the printed page,
making the material translucent

3. opaque – high porosity

Composed of not only of numerous small, interconnected crystals, but of large quantity of
small pores or void spaces.

These pores are effective in scattering the reflected light and render the material opaque.
Why Study Materials Science and Engineering
Three criteria that is important in the material selection process

1. The in-service condition must be characterized, for these will dictate

the properties required of the material

ex. Normally, a material having high strength will have a limited

ductility
Why Study Materials Science and Engineering
Three criteria that is important in the material selection process

2. the deterioration of material properties that may occur during

service operation.

ex. Significant reduction in mechanical strength may result from

exposure to elevated temperatures of corrosive environment
Why Study Materials Science and Engineering
Three criteria that is important in the material selection process

3. the cost of a finished piece

ex. A material may be found that has the ideal set of properties but is
prohibitively expensive
Critical Materials for Green
Energy Technologies
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hHtzIqxgD3Y
Classification of Materials
Classification of
Materials
Metals

• Composed of one or
more metallic
elements (iron,
aluminum, copper,
titanium, gold and
nickel) and often also
non-metallic elements
(carbon, nitrogen and
oxygen) in relatively
small amounts.
Metals
• Atomically, Valence electrons are detached from atoms, and spread in
an 'electron sea' that "glues" the ions together.
• Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly
manner and are densely packed (compared with ceramics and
polymers).
Metals
• Metals are:
• stiff and strong
• ductile – capable of large amounts of deformation without fracture
• resistant to fracture – mainly used in structural applications
• good conductors of electricity, flux and heat
• not transparent to light
• shiny if polished
• medium to high melting points
Ferrous Metals
Do contain Iron
Magnetic
Promote corrosion
Cast iron, Wrought iron, Iron alloys, High Carbon Steels, Stainless steel
Non Ferrous Metals
Do not contain Iron
Non Magnetic
Prevents corrosion
Aluminum, Magnesium, Titanium, Gold, Copper alloys, Bronze, Brass
Metals

• Metal alloy – metallic that is composed

of two or more elements
• Common objects that are made of
metals and metal alloys:
Silverware, scissors, coins, gears,
rings, nuts and bolts etc.
Ceramics

• Compounds between metallic and non-

metallic elements, but mostly
composed of oxides, nitrides and
carbides.
• Atoms behave like either positive or
negative ions, and are bound by
coulombic forces.
Ceramics are:
• stiff and strong – stiffness and strength are comparable to metals
• hard but brittle, so susceptible to fracture
• low density
• good insulators of electricity and heat
• highly resistant to extreme temperature and harsh environments
• high melting points
Traditional
Ceramics
Clay products, pottery, bricks, concrete, pipe, tiles
White wears, Porcelain, bone china, crockery, sanitary wear
Silica and silicates, Feldspar, quartz, blown glass
Advanced Ceramics
Alumina, Insulating plugs, resistors, microchip, optical fiber
Zirconia, Dental bridge, automobile engines, rocket nose
Silicon carbide, silicon nitride, refractory materials, furnace
Crystalline ceramics (a) and non-crystalline glasses (b) yields
inherently different properties for different applications.
(Solid dots represents metal atoms, open circles are non-metallic
atoms)
Examples of glass.
The glass can be made
transparent,
translucent or opaque
depending on the
material structure.
Glass can also structured to resist thermal or physical shock
Examples:
Aluminum Oxide (or alumina, Al2O3 – used as filler for plastics, in
cosmetics, as industrial catalyst, as abrasives, in paints etc);
Silicon dioxide (or silica, SiO2 – used in glass);
Silicon carbide (SiC);
Silicon nitride (Si3N4);
Traditional ceramics (those composed of clay materials like porcelain);
Cement, glass etc
Common objects that are made of ceramic materials:
China, brick, floor tile, glass vase
Polymers
Most of them are organic compounds that are chemically based
on carbon, hydrogen and other non-metallic elements (i.e.
Oxygen, Nitrogen and Silicon).

They have large molecular structures, in chain-like nature, that

often have a backbone of carbon atoms.

Polymers are bound by covalent forces and also by weak van der
Waals forces, and usually based on carbon and hydrogen, they
decompose at moderate temperatures, around 100 C - 400 C.
Polymers
• stiff and strong – per mass basis are comparable to metals and ceramics
• lightweight
• weak
• ductile and pliable – can easily be formed into different shapes
• low electrical conductivity and nonmagnetic
• prone to soften and decompose at modest temperatures
• low melting point
Polymers
Examples:
Polyethylene (PE) – most common plastic. Used in packaging and bottles
Nylon – a thermoplastic. Have numerous uses
Poly-vinyl Chloride (PVC) – used in construction. Used also in clothing
and upholstery
Polycarbonate (PC) – also under the thermoplastic group. Used as
phone housing, in electronic components, construction etc.
Polystyrene (PS) – used as protective packaging and containers
Silicon rubber
Thermoplastic
Can be reformed by heat

Nylon, Acrylic, Polyethylene, Polypropylene, Polystyrene, PVC, Teflon

Thermoset Plastic
Once formed cannot be reformed

Epoxy Resins, Polyesters Resins, Polyurethanes, Bakelite, Melamine

Elastomers
Elastic in Nature

Natural rubber, Polybutadiene rubber, Butyl rubber, Neoprene

Composites
Composed of two or more individual
elements, which come from metals, ceramics,
and polymers.

Design goals of composites are:

1. To achieve a combination of properties that
is not displayed by any single material
2. To incorporate the best characteristics of
each of the component materials
Composites
• Composite types can be from any combination of metals, ceramics
and polymers. Some naturally occurring composite materials are
wood and bones.
• Products are usually strong yet ductile, of low density, can be made as
insulators or conductors.
• Made from two or more materials to attain required properties
• Fiber + Matrix = Composite Material
Composites
• Common objects that are composites:
• Fiberglass / Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite

• Small glass fibers are embedded within a polymeric material (normally an

epoxy or polyester)

• Relatively stiff, strong and flexible, low density

Composites
• Common objects that are composites:
• Fiberglass / Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite

• Small glass fibers are embedded within a polymeric material (normally an

epoxy or polyester)

• Relatively stiff, strong and flexible, low density

Composites
• Common objects that are composites:
• Fiberglass / Glass fiber-reinforced polymer
(GFRP) composite

• Advantages of fiberglass:
1. wont dent, rust, rot or split and
2. more energy efficient than wood

• Applications includes: Boat hulls,

automobile fenders and body, container
tanks.
Composites
• Common objects that are composites:
• Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer
(CFRP) composite

• Carbon fibers that are embedded

within a polymer
• Stiffer and stronger than glass fiber-
reinforced materials, but more
expensive
• Used in aircraft and aerospace
applications, high tech sporting
equipment, automobile bumpers
Comparison table of
• Bar chart of room temperature density values for various
the different materials metals, ceramics, polymers and composites
with different
characteristics
Comparison table of
• Bar chart of room temperature stiffness (i.e. elastic
the different materials modulus) values for various metals, ceramics, polymers and
with different composite materials.
characteristics
Comparison table of
• Bar chart of room temperature strength (i.e. tensile
the different materials strength) values for various metals, ceramics, polymers and
with different composite materials.
characteristics
Comparison table of
• Bar chart of room temperature resistance to fracture (i.e.
the different materials fracture toughness) values for various metals, ceramics,
with different polymers and composite materials.
characteristics
Comparison table of
• Bar chart of room temperature electrical conductivity ranges
the different materials values for various metals, ceramics, polymers and composite
with different materials.
characteristics
Fibers
Matrices
Advanced Materials
• Materials used in high-technology applications.
• These include advancements in computer technology, fiber-optic
systems, spacecrafts, military hardware etc.
• These materials are commonly traditional materials that have
enhanced properties.
Semi-Conductors
• These materials have electrical
properties that are intermediate
between the electrical conductors
(metals and metal alloys) and insulators
(ceramics and polymers)

• The electrical characteristics of these

materials are extremely sensitive to the
minute concentrations of impurity
atoms – these concentrations may be
controlled over very small spatial
regions.
Smart (intelligent) Materials
• A group of new and state-of-the-art materials now being developed
that will have a significant influence on many of our technologies
• The adjective smart implies that these materials are able to sense
changes in their environment and then respond to these changes in
predetermined manners
 Piezoelectric materials
• are materials that produce a voltage when stress is applied. Since this
effect also applies in a reverse manner, a voltage across the sample
will produce stress within sample. Suitably designed structures made
from these materials can, therefore, be made that bend, expand or
contract when a voltage is applied.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pBdzN0FljCY
Shape-memory alloys and shape-memory polymers
• are materials in which large deformation can be induced and
recovered through temperature changes or stress changes
(pseudoelasticity). The shape memory effect results due to
respectively martensitic phase change and induced elasticity at higher
temperatures.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3S-BmEniN4
 Photovoltaic materials
• or optoelectronics convert light to electrical current.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PROhNDen3nk
 Electroactive polymers (EAPs)
• change their volume by voltage or electric fields.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E1jkAQ-pBpU
 Magnetostrictive materials
• exhibit a change in shape under the influence of magnetic field and
also exhibit a change in their magnetization under the influence of
mechanical stress.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znDvqM2LmmA
 Magnetic shape memory alloys
• are materials that change their shape in response to a significant
change in the magnetic field.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uORArjZll5A
 Smart inorganic polymers
• showing tunable and responsive properties.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=erN2D28uqTU
pH-sensitive polymers
• are materials that change in volume when the pH of the surrounding
medium changes.
 Temperature-responsive polymers
• are materials which undergo changes upon temperature.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcjZSxM5ZlEq
Halochromic materials
• are commonly used materials that change their color as a result of
changing acidity. One suggested application is for paints that can
change color to indicate corrosion in the metal underneath them.
Chromogenic systems
• change color in response to electrical, optical or thermal changes.
These include electrochromic materials, which change their colour or
opacity on the application of a voltage (e.g., liquid crystal displays),
thermochromic materials change in colour depending on their
temperature, and photochromic materials, which change colour in
response to light—for example, light-sensitive sunglasses that darken
when exposed to bright sunlight.
 Ferrofluids
• are magnetic fluids (affected by magnets and magnetic fields).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sFOv6_L5C-k
 Photomechanical materials
• change shape under exposure to light.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyn5o1fJu-U
 Polycaprolactone (polymorph)
• can be molded by immersion in hot water.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhVuc6RNyaw
Self-healing materials
• have the intrinsic ability to repair damage due to normal usage, thus
expanding the material's lifetime.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-fka0wfY8w
 Dielectric elastomers (DEs)
• are smart material systems which produce large strains (up to 500%)
under the influence of an external electric field.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kSfkLa71WY0
 Magnetocaloric materials
• are compounds that undergo a reversible change in temperature
upon exposure to a changing magnetic field.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GS5HFvqefnc
Smart self-healing coatings
• heal without human intervention
 Thermoelectric materials
• are used to build devices that convert temperature differences into
electricity and vice versa.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YhynSkFlJOs
Chemoresponsive materials
• change size or volume under the influence of external chemical or
biological compound.
The field of Advanced Materials Processes includes engineered
polymers  and resins, advanced fibres (such as carbon, Kevlar and
sapphire), metal matrix composites, structural ceramics, ceramic
composites, other types of composites, high temperature alloy,
specialty adhesive, specialty chemicals, powder metals, thin films,
surface engineering and nanotechnology. 
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