Chapter 1 Overview of operating system (8 M)

 Definition
1.An operating system is a program that acts as an interface
between the user and the computer hardware and controls the
execution of all kinds of programs.
2.Set of programs which control all the computers resouces
and provide an environment in which uesrs can develop
Applications programs.
3.The system software that helps in managing the resources
of a computer as well as provides a platform for the application
programs running the computer.
Components of operating system
A computer system is a collection of H/w
and S/W.
H/w-the physical computing equipment.
s/w-the program written to provide
services to the users of the system.
Hardware
Input Unit.
Output Unit.
Storage Unit.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
memory
networking devices.
other
operating system
Application program -The way in which these resources are used to solve
the computing problems of the users.
user
 functions of an operating System.
Memory Management
Processor Management
Device Management
File Management
Security
Control over system performance
Job accounting
Error detecting aids
Coordination between other software and users

Types of operating systems


Single- and multi-tasking

Single- and multi-user

Distributed

Embedded

Real-time
 
Views of Operating System:

User View
The user view of the computer refers to the interface being used. Most computer
users sit in front of a PC consisting of a monitor ,keyboard,mouse and system
unit.Such systems are designed for one user to monopolize its resources, to
maximize the work that the user is performing. In these cases, the operating
system is designed mostly for ease of use, with some attention paid to
performance, and none paid to resource utilization.


System View
Operating system can be viewed as a resource allocator also. A computer
system consists of many resources like - hardware and software - that must be
managed efficiently. The operating system acts as the manager of the resources,
decides between conflicting requests, controls execution of programs etc.

Types of Operating Systems
Following are some of the most widely used types of
Operating system.
Simple Batch System
Multiprogramming Batch System
Multiprocessor System
Desktop System
Distributed Operating System
Clustered System
Realtime Operating System
Handheld System
 
Batch operating Systems
It is one of oldest operating system. BOS is one where programs and data are
collected together in a batch before processing stars.
Jobs are seq.of commands and data that are combined together .
Similar batch run as a group on a computer system.
In this type of system, there is No direct interaction between user and the
computer.
The user has to submit a job (written on cards or tape) to a computer operator.
Then computer operator places a batch of several jobs on an input device.
Jobs are batched together by type of languages and requirement.
Then a special program, the monitor, manages the execution of each program
in the batch.
The monitor is always in the main memory and available for execution.


Advantages of Simple Batch Systems
No interaction between user and computer.
No mechanism to prioritise the processes.
 
Multiprogramming Batch Systems
In this the operating system picks up and begins to execute one of the jobs
from memory.
Once this job needs an I/O operation operating system switches to another
job (CPU and OS always busy).
Jobs in the memory are always less than the number of jobs on disk(Job
Pool).
If several jobs are ready to run at the same time, then the system chooses
which one to run through the process of CPU Scheduling.
In Non-multiprogrammed system, there are moments when CPU sits idle
and does not do any work.
In Multiprogramming system, CPU will never be idle and keeps on
processing.
Time Sharing Systems are very similar to Multiprogramming batch systems.
In fact time sharing systems are an extension of multiprogramming systems.
In Time sharing systems the prime focus is on minimizing the response
time, while in multiprogramming the prime focus is to maximize the CPU
usage.
 
Multiprocessor Systems
A Multiprocessor system consists of several processors that share
a common physical memory. Multiprocessor system provides
higher computing power and speed. In multiprocessor system all
processors operate under single operating system. Multiplicity of
the processors and how they do act together are transparent to the
others.


Advantages of Multiprocessor Systems
Enhanced performance
Execution of several tasks by different processors concurrently,
increases the system's throughput without speeding up the
execution of a single task.
If possible, system divides task into many subtasks and then these
subtasks can be executed in parallel in different processors.
Thereby speeding up the execution of single tasks.
 
Distributed Operating System
The motivation behind developing distributed operating systems is the
availability of powerful and inexpensive microprocessors and advances in
communication technology.
These advancements in technology have made it possible to design and
develop distributed systems comprising of many computers that are inter
connected by communication networks. The main benefit of distributed
systems is its low price/performance ratio.


Advantages Distributed Operating System
As there are multiple systems involved, user at one site can utilize the
resources of systems at other sites for resource-intensive tasks.
Fast processing.
Less load on the Host Machine.
 
Clustered Systems
Like parallel systems, clustered systems gather together multiple CPUs to
accomplish computational work.
Clustered systems differ from parallel systems, however, in that they are
composed of two or more individual systems coupled together.
The definition of the term clustered is not concrete; the general accepted
definition is that clustered computers share storage and are closely linked via
LAN networking.
Clustering is usually performed to provide high availability.
A layer of cluster software runs on the cluster nodes. Each node can monitor
one or more of the others. If the monitored machine fails, the monitoring
machine can take ownership of its storage, and restart the application(s) that
were running on the failed machine. The failed machine can remain down, but
the users and clients of the application would only see a brief interruption of
service.
Asymmetric Clustering - In this, one machine is in hot standby mode while the
other is running the applications. The hot standby host (machine) does nothing
but monitor the active server. If that server fails, the hot standby host becomes
the active server.
Symmetric Clustering - In this, two or more hosts are running applications,
 
Real Time Operating System
It is defined as an operating system known to give maximum time for each of
the critical operations that it performs, like OS calls and interrupt handling.
The Real-Time Operating system which guarantees the maximum time for
critical operations and complete them on time are referred to as Hard Real-
Time Operating Systems.
While the real-time operating systems that can only guarantee a maximum of
the time, i.e. the critical task will get priority over other tasks, but no assurity
of completeing it in a defined time. These systems are referred to as Soft
Real-Time Operating Systems.
Basis for CLI GUI
comparison

Basic Command line interface Graphical User interface

enables a user to permits a user to interact with
communicate with the the system by using graphics
system through which includes images, icons,
commands. etc.
Device used Keyboard Mouse and keyboard

Ease of Hard to perform an Easy to perform tasks and does

performing operation and require not require expertise.
tasks expertise.
Precision High Low

Flexibility Intransigent More flexible

Memory Low High
consumption

Appearance Can't be changed Custom changes can be employed

Speed Fast Slow

Integration Scope of potential Bounded

and improvements
extensibility

Difference Between Time Sharing and Real-Time
Operating System
Basis for Time Sharing Operating Real-Time Operating System
comparison System

Basic Emphasis on providing a It focuses on accomplishing a

quick response to a computational task before its
request. specified deadline.
Computer Shared between the No sharing takes place and
resources user. events are external to the
system.
Process deals More than one Single application at a time.
with application
simultaneously.
Modification of The programs can be No modification is possible.
the program modified and written by
the users.
Response The response is User must get the
generated within the response within the
second, but there is defined time
no compulsion. constraint.

Switching Takes place among Does not present

the processes.

Android vs. iOS
Basis for Android iOS
comparison

Source model Open source Closed, with open source

components.

OS family Linux OS X, UNIX

Initial release September 23, 2008 July 29, 2007

Customizability A lot. Can change almost Limited unless jailbroken

anything.

Developer Google, Open Handset Apple Inc.

Alliance

Widgets Yes, except on lockscreen No, except in Notification

Center
Available 100+ Languages 34 Languages
language(s)
File transfer Easier than iOS. Using USB More difficult. Media files can
port and Android File be transferred using iTunes
Transfer desktop app. desktop app. Photos can be
Photos can be transferred transferred out via USB
via USB without apps. without apps.
Available on Many phones and tablets. iPod Touch, iPhone, iPad,
Major manufacturers such Apple TV (2nd and 3rd
as Samsung, Oppo, generation)
OnePlus, Vivo, Honor and
Xiaomi. Android One devices
are pure Android. Pixel line
of devices is made by
Google, using a almost pure
version of Android
Calls and Google Messages. 3rd party iMessage, FaceTime (with
messaging apps like Facebook other Apple devices only).
Messenger, WhatsApp, 3rd party apps like Google