Common Eyes Diseases

Common Eye Disease

 Refractive errors like nearsightedness and
farsightedness, astigmatism, presbyopia
 Allergies to dust, pollution gases, pollen etc.
 Infection of eye lids like stye, chalazion,
blepharitis, conjunctivitis
 Strabismus (Squint)
 Cataract
 Glaucoma
A visit to a ophthalmologist is
recommended once a year and if
symptoms enlisted below are present then
immediate visit is required.
 SYMPTOMS
 Headache
 Blurring of near or distance vision
 Watering from eyes, swelling
 Itching, redness, irritation.
 Twitching, fatigue
 Eye pain or pain deep in the socket
 Floaters (dots or spot in your vision)
 Double vision, problem in night vision.
Refractive Error
 Refractive errors
 Myopia- nearsighted, you typically will have difficulty
reading road signs and seeing distant objects clearly, but
will be able to see well for close-up tasks such as
reading and computer use.
 Hyperopia or hypermetropia - farsightedness, a
condition in which visual images come to a focus behind
the retina of the eye and vision is better for distant than
for near objects
 Astigmatism - Astigmatism blurs your vision at all
distances. Astigmatism is often present at birth and may
occur in combination with nearsightedness or
farsightedness.
 Presbyopia- Physiological condition when the
accommodative power of the normal lens become less.
gradual loss of your eyes' ability to focus on nearby
objects.
 Treatment
Refractive error can be corrected by

 Spectacles
 Contact lenses
 LASIK
 Allergies
 These are caused due to dust, increasing
pollution , toxic gases.
 These allergies might be seasonal e.g.
summer (dust) or spring season (pollen grains).
 Symptoms- redness, itching, watering, swelling
of eyelids or lid margins.
 Treatment is anti allergic eye drops and steroid
eye drops.
 Prevention of allergens .

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 Infections

 Stye is infection of hair follicle on eyelids. This causes

swelling and pain on lid margins
 Chalazion is pea like swelling on the lids, this is due to
chronic inflammation of mebomian glands of the
eyelids.
 Blephritis is inflammation of the eyelids. Blepharitis
usually involves the part of the eyelid where the
eyelashes grow and affects both eyelids.
 Conjunctivitis - Bacterial, viral and allergic
 Signs of an Eye Infection
 Pain in the eye.
 A feeling that something is in the eye (foreign body
sensation).
 Increased sensitivity to light (photophobia).
 Yellow, green, bloody, or watery discharge from the eye.
 Increasing redness of the eye or eyelids.
 A gray or white sore on the colored part of the eye (iris).
 Fever with no other cause.
 Blurred or decreased vision.
 Treatment
 In most cases, eye infection treatment includes
compresses, eye drops, creams, or antibiotics.
 Topical antiviral therapy may be necessary if the
eye infection is caused by a virus.
 A leading category of eye infections is pink eye,
or conjunctivitis.
 Certain types of conjunctivitis are very
contagious and require immediate attention from
an eye doctor..
 Treatment (cont.)
 Typically, treatment involves staying away from
work or school, prescribed anti-infective topical
solution or ointment, and warm or cool
compresses to alleviate symptoms.
 Conjunctivitis

• Also knows as red eye or pink eye.

• Inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, the thin transparent layer of tissue that lines the inner surface of
the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye.
• Conjunctivitis is a common eye disease and it can develop into a more serious problem.
• It also can be highly contagious and easily spread in schools, work and at home.
Conjunctivitis
 Symptoms
The symptoms of conjunctivitis may include:
• Redness in the white of the eye or inner eyelid
• Increased amount of tears
• Green or white discharge from the eye
• Itching sensation in one or both eyes
• Burning eyes
• Blurred vision
• Increased sensitivity to light
 Causes
1. Chemical Conjunctivitis :
-irritants in air pollution and smoke, chlorine in swimming
pools, and exposure to noxious chemicals.

2. Infectious Conjunctivitis :
- a viral or bacterial infection.
(such as gonorrhea or chlamydia)

3. Allergic Conjunctivitis :
-a special type of allergy that affects some contact lens
wearers.
 Treatment

• Avoid the use of makeup.

• Not to wear contact lenses .
• Antibiotic eye drops can be used to clear the infection.
• Some doctors may perform an ophthalmic iodine eye wash in
the office in hopes of shortening the course of the infection.
• Treatment for chemical conjunctivitis requires careful flushing
of the eyes with saline and may require topical steroids.
 How to prevent Conjunctivitis?
• Don’t touch your eyes with your hands
• Clean your hands frequently with soap and water.
• Change your towel and washcloth daily and don’t share them
with others.
• Do not share eye makeup, eye drops, contact lens solution or
any medications.
• Follow your eye doctor’s instructions on proper contact lens
care.
EYES AND AGING
Cataract
 Cataract
 A cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye
which leads to a decrease in vision. 
 Cataracts often develop slowly and can affect one
or both eyes. Symptoms may include faded colors,
blurry vision, halos around light, trouble with
bright lights, and trouble seeing at night.
 Types of cataract
 A subcapsular cataract occurs at the back of the lens.
People with diabetes or those taking high doses of steroid
medications have a greater risk of developing a
subcapsular cataract.
 A nuclear cataract forms deep in the central zone
(nucleus) of the lens. Nuclear cataracts usually are
associated with aging.
 A cortical cataract is characterized by white, wedge-like
opacities that start in the periphery of the lens and work
their way to the center in a spoke-like fashion.
 CATARACT
Signs and symptoms
 Vision becomes blurred, both for near and
distance objects.
 Sensitivity to glare in bright sunlight.
 Distortion or ghosting of images may also
occur.
 Color vision can be decreased.
CATARACTS
 Cataract risk factors
 Ultraviolet radiation from sunlight and other sources
 Diabetes
 Hypertension
 Obesity
 Smoking
 Prolonged use of corticosteroid medications
 Statin medicines used to reduce cholesterol
 Previous eye injury or inflammation
 Previous eye surgery
 Hormone replacement therapy
 Significant alcohol consumption
 High myopia
 Family history
 Cataract Prevention
 10-year study of female health professionals found that
higher dietary intakes of vitamin E and the carotenoids 
lutein and zeaxanthin from food and supplements were
associated with significantly decreased risks of cataract.
 Good food sources of vitamin E include sunflower seeds,
almonds and spinach.
 Good sources of lutein and zeaxanthin include spinach,
kale and other green, leafy vegetables.
 Other studies have shown antioxidant vitamins such as
vitamin C and foods containing omega-3 fatty acids may
reduce cataract risk.
 Cataract Treatment
 In the early stages of cataract, glasses or contact
lenses can help correct minor visual problems.
 When vision is seriously impaired, the most
effective treatment is to surgically remove the
affected lens and replace it with an artificial lens.
 Most surgery is performed on a day-only basis
under local anesthesia, with sedation.
 CATARACT
 There are many variations in technique, the most
common being phacoemulsification surgery.
 The cataract is removed through a very small, secure
opening about 3mm in length, with implantation of
an intra-ocular lens specifically chosen to match your
eye.
 Nine out of 10 people who have cataract surgery
regain very good vision, somewhere between 20/20
and 20/40.
 CATARACT
Follow up care after surgery
 Your eye may be covered or protected for one
night.
 A plastic shield at night may be required for a few
extra nights depending on the surgeon.
 You will have a follow up appointments for
review by your surgeon, usually the next day and
over the following weeks.
 CATARACT
You will be able to function normally from
Day 1, but strenuous activities must be avoided
for some weeks.
You will have eye drops prescribed to use as
instructed by your surgeon.
Your new intra-ocular lens will restore your
distance vision that you had before the cataract
developed.
 CATARACT
 Over the post-operative review period glasses
will be prescribed for your new eye, particularly
to help with reading vision.
 Glaucoma
“The Hot Splinters”

 Normal vision
 Glaucoma
 Glaucoma is an eye disease that is often
associated with elevated intraocular pressure, in
which damage to the eye (optic) nerve can lead to
loss of vision and even blindness.
 Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible
blindness in the world.
 Early detection and treatment, can protect your
eyes against serious vision loss.
 eye-health-conditions-glaucoma.action.htm
Glaucoma
 Types of Glaucoma
Congenital glaucoma:
 children are born with a defect in the angle of the eye that
slows the normal drainage of fluid.
 These children usually have obvious symptoms, such as
cloudy eyes, sensitivity to light, and excessive tearing.
Secondary glaucoma:
 can develop as complications of other medical conditions.
Example, a severe form of glaucoma is called neovascular
glaucoma, and can be a result from poorly controlled
diabetes or high blood pressure. Other types of glaucoma
sometimes occur with cataract, certain eye tumors, or
when the eye is inflamed or irritated by a condition called
uveitis. Sometimes glaucoma develops after other eye
surgeries or serious eye injuries.
 Types of Glaucoma

 Primary/Open Angle:
– most common form, the
correct amount of fluid can’t
drain out of the eye (clogged
pipe)

 Angle Closure
Glaucoma:
– rarest form, eye pressure rises
quickly when drainage canals
are blocked/covered (sink
stopper)
Glaucoma
 How does the optic nerve get damaged by
open-angle glaucoma?

 In the front of the eye is a space

called the anterior chamber.
 A clear fluid flows continuously
in and out of the chamber and
nourishes nearby tissues.
 The fluid leaves the chamber at
the open angle where the cornea
and iris meet. (See diagram
below.)
 When the fluid reaches the angle,
it flows through a spongy
meshwork, like a drain, and
leaves the eye.
 Open-angle glaucoma
 In open-angle glaucoma, even
though the drainage angle is
“open”, the fluid passes too slowly
through the meshwork drain.
 Since the fluid builds up, the
pressure inside the eye rises to a
level that may damage the optic
nerve.
 When the optic nerve is damaged
from increased pressure, open-angle
glaucoma-and vision loss—may
result.
 That’s why controlling pressure
inside the eye is important.
 Another risk factor for optic nerve
damage relates to blood pressure.
 Risk factors
 Anyone can develop glaucoma. Some people,
listed below, are at higher risk than others:
 African Americans over age 40
 Everyone over age 60, especially
Mexican Americans
 People with a family history of glaucoma
 High blood pressure
 Diabetes
 Glaucoma Symptoms
 At first, open-angle glaucoma has no symptoms.
 It causes no pain. Vision stays normal. Glaucoma can
develop in one or both eyes.
 Without treatment, people with glaucoma will slowly lose
their peripheral (side) vision.
 As glaucoma remains untreated, people may miss objects
to the side and out of the corner of their eye.
 They seem to be looking through a tunnel. Over time,
straight-ahead (central) vision may decrease until no
vision remains.
Glaucoma
 Diagnostic
 Glaucoma is detected through a comprehensive dilated eye
exam that includes the following:
 Visual acuity test. This eye chart test measures how well
you see at various distances.
 Visual field test. This test measures your peripheral (side
vision). It helps your eye care professional tell if you have
lost peripheral vision, a sign of glaucoma.
 Dilated eye exam. In this exam, drops are placed in your
eyes to widen, or dilate, the pupils. Your eye care
professional uses a special magnifying lens to examine
your retina and optic nerve for signs of damage and other
eye problems. After the exam, your close-up vision may
remain blurred for several hours.
 Diagnostic
 Tonometry is the measurement of pressure inside the eye
by using an instrument called a tonometer.
 Numbing drops may be applied to your eye for this test. A
tonometer measures pressure inside the eye to
detect glaucoma.
 Pachymetry is the measurement of the thickness of your
cornea. Your eye care professional applies a numbing drop
to your eye and uses an ultrasonic wave instrument to
measure the thickness of your cornea.
 GLAUCOMA
Measuring intraocular pressure
 Can glaucoma be cured?

 No. There is no cure for glaucoma. Vision

lost from the disease cannot be restored.
 Glaucoma Treatments
 Immediate treatment for early-stage, open-angle glaucoma
can delay progression of the disease. That’s why early
diagnosis is very important.
 Glaucoma treatments include :
 Medicines (eye drops or pills)
 Laser trabeculoplasty (helps fluid drain out of the eye).
Studies show that laser surgery can be very good at
reducing the pressure in some patients.
 Conventional surgery (makes a new opening for the fluid
to leave the eye) or a combination of any of these.
 While these treatments may save remaining vision, they do
not improve sight already lost from glaucoma.
 Tips for good vision and
how to take care of your eyes.
Awareness.
 Frequent blinking, proper distance.
 Don’t strain your eyes.
 Take a visual break, Look away.
 Eye exercise. Short walk.
 Cold water splash. Home remedies.
 Liquid tear substitute.
 Drink enough water
 Eat healthy.
 Know your lenses
 Antiglare glasses
 Visit eye doctor before your optometrist
Take a walk
Cold water splash and home
remedies
Eat healthy, green veg and fruits and
drink enough water
THANK YOU