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Genetics: Chapter 1 - General Introductions

This document provides an overview of genetics. It begins with examples of genetic disorders like hemophilia and discusses how genes for factors 8 and 9 are located on the X chromosome. It then outlines the divisions of genetics including transmission, molecular, and population genetics. The document traces the history of genetics from early domestication to modern discoveries like DNA structure. It concludes with the fundamental concepts of genetics such as genes, alleles, phenotypes, and how genetic information is transferred.

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Duy Anh
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151 views29 pages

Genetics: Chapter 1 - General Introductions

This document provides an overview of genetics. It begins with examples of genetic disorders like hemophilia and discusses how genes for factors 8 and 9 are located on the X chromosome. It then outlines the divisions of genetics including transmission, molecular, and population genetics. The document traces the history of genetics from early domestication to modern discoveries like DNA structure. It concludes with the fundamental concepts of genetics such as genes, alleles, phenotypes, and how genetic information is transferred.

Uploaded by

Duy Anh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GENETICS

Chapter 1 – General introductions


Examples
Hemophilia is the genetic defect
in human when blood clothing is
deficient leading to the
spontaneous bleeding.

Gene for Fix and Fviii are located


on chromosome X
There are more than 1300 alteration in the Fviii gene, many of them cause
Haemophilla from mild to severe states.
Novel mutation in Fviii gene cause Haemophillia A

deletion

Nissenetal.BMCHematology (2018) 18:17


Family transmission of haemophillia among
European Royal families

http://sciencecases.lib.buffalo.edu/cs/files/hemo.pdf
What is Genetics?
Science studies:genes, genetic variation and heredity in
organisms
The importance of genetics
Demonstrate the roles of genes and how they affect
organism’s life and health
Started with domestication, now genetics has contributed to
the improvement of plants and animals by engineering and
propagation.
Genetics also plays role in pharmaceutical industry where
drugs, food additives and bio-products are genetically
produced from bacteria, fungi… to make them efficient
producers in industry.
Understanding in genetics helps physicians recognize many
gene disorders… that finally lead to the development of
therapies…
Division of genetics
Transmission genetics – study how traits are passed from
one generation to the next.
Molecular genetics – study the chemical nature of gene and
gene products.
Population genetics – study the genetic composition of the
group of individuals from the same species.
Transmission
genetics Molecular
genetics

Population
genetics
The rise of science of genetics
 Domestication and agriculture recorded the first
understanding of genetics
Selection of the good trait for next crop
Many plants and animals were products of
domestication: wheat, pea, lentil, barley, dog, goat,
sheep.
Many products were produced by simple crossing
making them more variable.
The future of genetics
………

http://margreetdeheer.com/eng/science.html
 The early written records
Hemophilia inherited through mother
Human reproduction through pangenesis hypothesis
The rise of modern genetics
The discovery of cell under simple microscope by Robert
Hook (1653-1703)
Nehemiah Grew (1641–1712) reported that plants re-
produce sexually by using pollen from the male sex cells
Gregor Mendel (1822–1884) discovered the basic principles
of heredity
Matthis Jacob Schleiden (1804–1881) and Theodor Schwann
(1810–1882) proposed the concept of the cell theory in 1839

Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) put forth the theory of
evolution through natural selection and published his
ideas in On the Origin of Species in 1856
WalterFlemming(1843 – 1905) observed the division of
chromosomes in 1879 and published a superb description
of mitosis
The twentieth-century genetics
Walter Sutton (1877–1916) proposed in 1902 that genes are
located on chromosomes.
Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866 – 1945) discovered the first
genetic mutant of fruit flies in 1910 and used fruit flies to
unravel many details of trans- mission genetics
James Watson (b. 1928) and Francis Crick (b. 1916)
described the three-dimensional structure of DNA in 1953,
ushering in the era of molecular genetics.
The fundamental concepts of genetics
Cells are of two basic types: eukaryotic and prokaryotic.
Prokaryotic cells lack a nuclear membrane and posses no
membrane-bounded cell organelles, whereas eukaryotic
cell are more complex, possessing a nucleus and
membrane-bounded organeles.
The gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Gene is the
unit of information that encodes a genetic characteristics
Genes come in multiple forms called alleles. A gene that
specifies a characteristic may exist in multiple forms
called alleles
Genes confer phenotypes: genes code for the traits,
along with the environmental factors, determine
phenotypes. Genes are inherited but not the phenotype.
Genetic information is carried in DNA and RNA.
Genes are located on chromosomes.
Chromosomes are separated through the process of
mitosis and meiosis.
Genetic information is transferred from DNA to
RNA to protein
Mutations are permanent, heritable changes in genetic
information
Some traits are affected by multiple factors. The
human height is affected by 17 regions in genome (by
genome wide screening).
Evolution is genetic change
1. General introduction
2. Cell reproductions – asm1
3. Basic principles of inheritance – Mendel inheritance
4. Extension of Mendel inheritance
5. Linked gene inheritance – asm2
6. Genetic material /chromosome structure and variation
7. From gene to protein – DNA replication and transcription
8. From gene to protein – RNA processing – asm3
 Midterm exam
9. From gene to protein – genetic code and translation.
10. Regulation of gene expression.
11. Recombinant DNA technology, mutation and genomic – asm4
12. Organelle DNA
13. Quantitative genetics 1
14. Quantitative genetics 2
15. Population genetics – asm5
 Final exam Each section takes 3 hrs
Additional information for the course
Attendance (80% of the class hour) is required for
attending final exam
Assignment: from quiz, homework, test …
Grading:
Midterm: 30%
Lab: 15% (refer to the lab requirement for this section)
Assignment: 15%
 Marks from the highest 3 out of 5 quizzes are taken as assignment
Final exam: 40%
Bonus will be assigned during the course for your
performance
References
Textbook
Genetics: A Conceptual Approach, 2008, Pierce, B.A, 3rd
Edition. W.H. Freeman and Comp., New York, 730 pp.
Supporting books
Genetics: Analysis & Principles, 2009, Brooker, R.J., 3rd
Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, 844pp.
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes, 2004, Hartwell, L.H.,
Hood, L., Goldberg, M.L., Reynolds, A.E., Silver, L.M. &
Veres, R.C., 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill, NY. 865 pp.

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