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Pondicherry University

The document discusses pulse code modulation (PCM) used in digital telephony and audio applications. It describes the key PCM processes of filtering, sampling, quantization, and encoding analog signals into digital codes for transmission. Specific topics covered include PCM block diagrams, sampling methods and rates, quantization intervals and distortion, European and American PCM standards, bit rate and bandwidth requirements, and advantages like robust transmission and compatibility across networks versus disadvantages like large bandwidth needs.

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john billy balidio
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27 views

Pondicherry University

The document discusses pulse code modulation (PCM) used in digital telephony and audio applications. It describes the key PCM processes of filtering, sampling, quantization, and encoding analog signals into digital codes for transmission. Specific topics covered include PCM block diagrams, sampling methods and rates, quantization intervals and distortion, European and American PCM standards, bit rate and bandwidth requirements, and advantages like robust transmission and compatibility across networks versus disadvantages like large bandwidth needs.

Uploaded by

john billy balidio
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ELCTRONICS
ENGINNERING
AGENDA
 Introduction
 Block diagram of PCM
 PCM processes
 PCM standards
 Bit rate and bandwidth requirements of PCM
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Application
PULSE CODE MODULATION
 Analog voice data must be translated into a series of
binary digits before they can be transmitted.

 With Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), the amplitude of


the sound wave is sampled at regular intervals and
translated into a binary number.

 The difference between the original analog signal and


the translated digital signal is called quantizing error.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PCM
PCM PROCESSES
 Filtering
 Sampling
 Quantization
 Encoding
SAMPLING
 Analog signal is sampled every TS sec.
 Ts is referred to as the sampling interval.
 fs = 1/Ts is called the sampling rate or sampling
frequency.
 There are 3 sampling methods:
 Ideal - an impulse at each sampling instant
 Natural - a pulse of short width with varying amplitude
 Flattop - sample and hold, like natural but with single amplitude
value
DIFFERENT TYPES OF SAMPLING METHODS
SAMPLING
QUANTIZING
 The process of measuring the numerical values of
the samples and giving them a table value in a
suitable scale
 The finite number of amplitude intervals is called
the ‘quantizing interval’ like quantizing interval
no.1 is 10-20mV; 2 is 20-30mV etc. in a case of
1V signal.
 Linear quantizing is where the quantizing
intervals are of the same size
QUANTIZING
 Quantization intervals are coded in binary
form, and so the quantization intervals will be
in powers of 2.

 In PCM, 8 bit code is used and so we have 256


intervals for quantizing (128 levels in the
positive direction and 128 levels in negative
direction)
QUANTIZATION DISTORTION
 The deviation between the amplitude of
samples at the transmitter and receiving ends
 In linear quantization, the distortion is more
and to decrease the distortion, the no. of steps
in the given amplitude range has to be
increased.
 Due to BW limitations, more quantum levels in
small amplitude region are planned results to
Non linear (uniform) quantization
PCM Standards
 There are two standards of pcm namely
 1) The European Standard

2 ) The American Standard


 They differ slightly in the detail of their working but

the principles are the same.


 European pcm = 30 channels

 North american pcm = 24 channels

 Japanese pcm = 24 channels

 In india we follow the european pcm of 30 channels

system working.
BIT RATE AND BANDWIDTH
REQUIREMENTS OF PCM
 The bit rate of a PCM signal can be calculated form the number
of bits per sample x the sampling rate
Bit rate = nb x fs

 The bandwidth required to transmit this signal depends on the


type of line encoding used. Refer to previous section for
discussion and formulas.

 A digitized signal will always need more bandwidth than the


original analog signal. Price we pay for robustness and other
features of digital transmission.
ADVANTAGES OF PCM
 Uniform Transmission Quality
 Compatibility of different classes of Traffic in
the Network
 Integrated Digital Network
 Increased utilization of Existing Circuit
 Low Manufacturing Cost
 Good Performance Over Very poor
Transmission Paths
DISADVANTAGES OF PCM
 Large Bandwidth required for Transmission
 Noise and crosstalk leaves low but rises
attenuation
 An integrated Digital network can only be
realized be a gradual extension of Noise
APPLICATION
 In compact disk
 Digital telephony
 Digital audio applications

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