Slide Presentations for ECE 329,

Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields,

to supplement “Elements of Engineering
Electromagnetics, Sixth Edition”

by

Nannapaneni Narayana Rao

Edward C. Jordan Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
Distinguished Amrita Professor of Engineering
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
 6.1

Transmission Line
 6.1-3

Parallel-Plate Line

d
y
+
Vg  t 
-
z w
x

Neglect fringing (d << w).

 6.1-4

E  Ex  z , t  ax ; H  H y  z , t  ay

z
+ + + + +
x d
H ,,  E, Jc
- - - - -
 6.1-5

d
V  z, t    Ex  z , t  dx
x 0

 d Ex  z , t 

V  z, t 
 Ex  z , t  
d
I  z , t   w Js  z , t 
 w H y  z, t 

I  z, t 
 H y  z, t  
w
 6.1-6

Ex H y
 
z t

H y Ex
  Ex  
z t

 V  I
     
z  d  t  w 

 I V   V 
        
z  w  d  t  d 
 6.1-7

V   d  I
  
z  w  t

I w   w  V
  V  
z  d   d  t
Consider the circuit

I  z, t  L z I  z   z, t 
+ +

V  z, t  V  z   z, t 
G z C z
- -
z z  z
z
 6.1-8

Then

V I
 L Transmission
z t
Line
I V Equations
 GV  C
z t

d
L= , inductance per unit length
w
G=  w , conductance per unit length
d

C =  w , capacitance per unit length

d
 6.1-9

Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) Waves

a C
Ez  Hz  0 b
x

z y
b
V  z , t    E  z , t   d l
a

I  z , t    H  z , t  d l
C
 6.1-10

Distributed Equivalent Circuit

L z L z

C z C z
G z G z
z

Assumes perfect conductors but lossy dielectric.

 6.1-11

Transmission-Line Equations

V I
 L
z t

I V
 GV  C
z t

L = Inductance per unit length (H/m)

C = Capacitance per unit length (F/m)
G = Conductance per unit length (S/m)
 6.1-12

In general, conductors are also lossy. Then, the waves

are not exactly TEM waves.

V I
  RI  L
z t

I V
 GV  C
z t

R = Resistance per unit length (/m)

 6.1-13

Lossless Line
(Perfect Conductors (R=0), Perfect Dielectric (=0))
V I
 L
z t
I V
 C
z t
Combining, we obtain

2V 2V Wave

 LC 2 Equation
z2
t
 6.1-14

Solution:

V  z , t   Af  t  z vp   Bg  t  z vp 
         
   wave    wave
1 1
vp  
LC 

 velocity of propagation

 
Note, LC =
 6.1-15

V I
From  L ,
z t
I 1 V

t L z
1
  Af   t  z vp   Bg   t  z vp  
Lvp  

1
I  z , t    Af  t  z vp   Bg  t  z vp  
Z0

L
where Z0   characteristic impedance of the line
C
 6.1-16

Thus
V V 
 t z v  V  t  z v 
p

p

V   t  z vp  V   t  z vp 
I 
Z0 Z0
         
   wave    wave
1
vp 
LC

L
Z0 
C
 6.1-17

Parallel-Plate Line

L d
w w

C w
d d

d
Z0  
w d << w
 6.1-18

Coaxial Cable


L 1n b
2 a

2  b
C a
1n b
a

Z0  1n b
2 a
 6.1-19

Parallel-Wire Line


L  cosh1 d
 a

C  a a
cosh1 d
a


Z0  cosh1 d
 a 2d
 6.1-20

Parallel-Strip Line (d/w  1)

imbedded in a homogeneous medium

2d

Z0 

 
1n 8d  w 
w 4d  
 6.1-21

Microstrip Line
w

d Substrate, er

Ground Plane

r  1 r  1
 
1 2
reff   1  10d
2 2 w

Z0  60 1n 8d  w
reff w 4d  
 6.1-22

Shielded Strip Line

 Slide Presentations for ECE 329,
Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields,
to supplement “Elements of Engineering
Electromagnetics, Sixth Edition”

by

Nannapaneni Narayana Rao

Edward C. Jordan Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
Distinguished Amrita Professor of Engineering
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
 6.2

Line Terminated
by Resistive Load
 Notation
1
I  z, t   V   t  z v p   V   t  z v p  
Z0  

V  z , t   V   t  z vp   V   t  z v p 

 
V  V V
 
I I I
 
V V
I  , I  
Z0 Z0

6.2-25
 6.2-26

I+, I–
+

V+, V– P+, P–

I+, I– z

 V 
 2
 V 
P  V  I   V   
 Z0  Z0

  V
 
P V I V  

  V   2


 Z0  Z0
 I+ = 0.1A 0.1 A
+ +
P+ = 0.5 W 0.5 W
V+ = 5V  5V

– –

I+ = –0.2A 0.2 A
+ –
P+ = 2 W 2W
V+ = –10 V  10 V
– +
0.2 A
6.2-27
 6.2-28

I– = –0.12A 0.12 A
+ 
+
P– = 0.72
P 0.72W
W 0.72 W
V– = 6 V  6V

– –

I– = 0.08A 0.08 A
+ –
P– = –0.32W 0.32 W
V– = –4 V  4V
– +

0.08 A
 6.2-29

Excitation by Constant Voltage Source

Semi-infinite Line, No Source Resistance

t=0
V0 Z0, vp 

z=0 z
V–  0

V  z, t   V   t  z vp 
1 
I  z, t   V  t  z vp 
Z0
 6.2-30

V  0, t   V0u  t 
V   t   V0u  t 
V  z, t   V   t  z vp 
 V0u  t  z vp 
V0 for  t  z vp   0


0 for  t  z vp   0
V0 for t  z vp

0 for t  z vp
V0 for z  vp t

0 for z  vp t
 V(z)
V0
t
0 z/vp

V(t)
V0
z
0 vpt

6.2-31
 Example:
S
t=0 Z0, vp
V0 to 

z=0 z
V0  10 V Z0  50 
vp  3  10 8 m s
z = 150 m
V, V I, A
10 0.2

0 0.5 t, s 0 0.5 t, s
6.2-32
 6.2-33

t = 1 s
V, V I, A
10 0.2 t, m s

0 300 z, m 0 300 z, m

[V ]z150 m, V [V ]t 1 s , V
10 10

0 0.5 t, m s 0 300 z, m
 6.2-34

Effect of Source Resistance

t=0 I+
Rg – +
+
Vg V+
–
z=0
Vg  I  Rg  V   0 B.C.

V
I  (+) Wave
Z0
 V
Vg – Rg – V   0
Z0
Rg 

Vg  V   1
Z0 
I+
Z0
V   Vg Rg
Rg  Z0 +
V+ Z0
V  Vg –
I   Vg
Z0 Rg  Z0
z=0
6.2-35
 Line Terminated by Resistance
S
t=0 Z0, vp
Rg RL
V0
z=0 z =l
t = 0+
I+ V0
Rg I 
Z0
+ +
V Rg  Z0
–
Vg V   I  Z0
z=0
6.2-36
 6.2-37

t  l vp B.C:
I+ + I–
 V 
 V 
 L
 R I 
 I 


I  V
+ –
V +V RL
Z0

I   V
z =l
Z0

V  V – 
V   V –  RL  – 
Z 0 Z 0 

–  RL   RL 
V 1    V  – 1
 Z0  Z0 
 –  RL – Z0
V V
RL  Z0

V – RL – Z 0
Define
  Voltage
 Reflection Coefficient,
V  RL  Z 0

I – – V – Z0 V–
     –   –
I V Z0 V
Then, Current Reflection Coefficient
6.2-38
 6.2-39

t  2l vp I+ + I– + I–+
Rg +
V+ + V– + V–+
V0
–
z=0

V   V   V   V0  Rg  I   I   I  
  
 V  V  V
I  , I  , I 
Z0 Z0 Z0
Rg 

V  V  V 
 V0 
Z0
 V  V 
 V 

  Rg   Rg 

V 1  –
  V 1  
 Z 0   Z 0 
Rg 
–
 V0  V  – 1
Z0 
+
V0
But V = Z0
Rg + Z0
 Rg  Rg 
–
 V 1  –
  V  – 1
 Z0  Z0 

V – Rg – Z0

V– Rg  Z0
6.2-40
 6.2-41

(–)
Rg
(–+)

t   (steady state) z=0

VSS  V   1  R  R S        
+ 2
R
2
S
2
R
2
S

V0 Z0
  1  R S  2R 2S  
Rg  Z0 
R  1  R S      
2
R
2
S
 V0 Z0 1  R

Rg  Z0 1 – R S
RL – Z0 
1   
V0 Z0  L
R  Z 0 

Rg  Z0 RL – Z0  Rg – Z0 
1    
RL  Z0  Rg  Z0 

V0
 RL
RL  Rg

6.2-42
 6.2-43

ISS  I I   R     R   S     R    S   


 2
 
V0
  1  R S     R  1   R S   
Rg  Z0
 V0   1  R  V0
 
 R  Z   1   
 g 0  R S  RL  Rg

V0 RL  Rg 
+++++++
Rg V0 R L +
R L  Rg RL
–
V0 –––––––
 For constant voltage source,
V0 V0 RL
ISS  , VSS 
RL  Rg RL  Rg

Actual Situation
 – in the Steady
 – State
I SS  I SS I SS  I SS
One (+) Wave + and(+)One (–) + Wave
Rg V   V – 
V SS  VSS
– RL
SS SS
V0 – (–) –
z=0 z =l
6.2-44
  –   – 
V SS  V SS  V0 – Rg I SS  I SS B.C. at z  0

 –  – 
V SS  V SS  RL I
 SS  I B.C. at z  l
SS

V SS

I SS  () wave
Z0
–
V SS
–
I SS – (–) wave
Z0
Four equations for the four unknowns
 –  –
V SS , V SS , I SS , I SS
6.2-45
 Example:  –  –
I SS  I SS I SS  I SS
+ Z = 50  +
 – 0  –
25  V SS  VSS V SS  VSS 75 
100 V – –
z=0 z =l

 –   – 
V SS  V SS  100 – 25I SS  I SS
 –  – 
V SS V  75I
 SS  I
SS SS

6.2-46
  –
V V
 SS – SS
I SS  , I SS  –
50 50

 –
Solving,  62.5
V SSwe V , V SS  12.5 V
obtain
 –
I SS  1.25 A , I SS  – 0.25 A

1A
++++++++
25  +
75 V 75 
–
100 V ––––––––
6.2-47
 Bounce Diagram Technique:
Constant Voltage
S
Source
t=0 Z0 = 60 
40  T = 1 s 120 
100 V
z=0 z z=l

60 60
V   100 
 60 V , I  1A
40  60 60
120 – 60 1 40 – 60 1
R   , S  –
120  60 3 40  60 5
6.2-48
 Voltage
1 1
S  – R 
5 3
0 60 V 0
60 20 1
2 80
–4
t, s 76 –4/3 3
4 224
4/15
1124 3
15 5
z=0 z z =l
6.2-49
 1 1
–S  –R 
5 Current 3
0 1A 0
1 –1/3 1
2 2
–1/15 3
9
t, s 1/45 3
15 28
4 1/225
141 45
225 5
z=0 z z =l
6.2-50
 Voltage Current
1
– S  1
1 1
S  – R  – R  –
5 3 5 3
0 60 V 0 1A 0
0
60 20 1 1 –1/3 1
80 2 2
2 –4 –1/15
9 3
t, s 76 –4/3 3 t, s 15 1/45 3
224 4 28
4 4/15 1/225 45
1124 3 141
5 225 5
15
z=0 z z =l z=0 z z =l

6.2-51
 z=0
V, V
100 76
1124
60 15

0 2 4 6 8 t, s

I, A 141
1
225
9
15
0 2 4 6 8 t, s
6.2-52
 z=l
V, V
100 80
224
3

0 1 3 5 7 t, s

I, A
2
1 3
28
45

0 1 3 5 7 t, s
6.2-53
 l
z
V, V 2
100 80 76
60 224
3
0 0.5 2.5 4.5 6.5 t, s

I, A
1 28
1
45
2 9
3 15
0 0.5 2.5 4.5 6.5 t, s

6.2-54
 [V ]t 2.5 s , V
100 76 80

0 l/2 l z

[I] 1 ,A
t1 3 s
1
2/3

0 l/3 2l/3 l z
6.2-55
 Rectangular Pulse Source
Use superposition.V V
V0 V0
=
t 0 t
0 t0 V

+ 0 t0
t
–V0

Vg, V
Example
100
S
40  t=0 Z0 = 60 
T = 1 s 120 
Vg
0 1 t, s z=0 z z =l
6.2-56
 1
S  – 1 R  –
5 3

0 60 V 0
60 0
1 –60 20 1
0 80
2 –4 20 –20 2
t, s 16 0
3 4 –4 –4/3 3
0 – 16
4/15 – 4
3
4 3
4/3 4
– 16 0
15
z=0 z z=l

[V]zl, V
[V ] 1 ,V
80 t 2
4
s

16 20
3 4
z
0 1 2 –16 5 6 t, s 0 l/4 l/2 3l/4 l
6.2-57 13
 Slide Presentations for ECE 329,
Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields,
to supplement “Elements of Engineering
Electromagnetics, Sixth Edition”

by

Nannapaneni Narayana Rao

Edward C. Jordan Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
Distinguished Amrita Professor of Engineering
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
 6.3

Transmission-Line
Discontinuity
 Transmission-Line Discontinuity

(+)
(++)
Z01, v p1 Z 02, vp2
(–)

I + + I– I ++
+ +

V+ + V– V ++

– –
6.3-60
 6.3-61

V   V –  V  
 B.C.
I   I –  I  
V  V – V 
I  , I–  – , I  
Z01 Z 01 Z02

V  V  V  V 
 
Z01 Z01 Z02
Z02 

V V  

Z01
 V  V 

 Z02 
   Z02 
V 1   V   1
 Z01   Z01 
 V – Z02 – Z0l
  
V Z02  Z0l

(+)
Z01 Z02

6.3-62
 Define Voltage Transmission Coefficient,
V  V   V – V–
V    
1 
V V V
V  1  

I  I   I – I–
C    
1 
Current Transmission
I ICoefficient,
I
C  1 – 
6.3-63
 6.3-64

Note that
  
P V I
 V V   C I
. 

  1  V   1  I
.  

  1  2  V  I 
  1   P2 

 P
 Three Lines in Cascade

50  Z 0l = 50  Z 02 = 100  Z03 = 50  +
50  –V o
T1 = 2 s T2 = 2 s T3 = 2 s
–
(t)

 = 1/3  = –1/3  = –1/3

 = 0  V = 4/3 V = 2/3 V = 2/3  = 0
0 1/2
2/3
4 –2/9 4/9
6
2/27
8 4/81 4/9
–2/81 10
t, s 2/243 4/92
12 4/729
14
4/93
6.3-65
 6.3-66

Vg  t     t 
 n
4 1
V0  t        t  2nT2  T0 
9 n 0  9 
T0  T1  T2  T3

4/9
4/92 4/93
and so on
0 6 10 14 t, s
 (t) h(t)
System


V g(t) – Vg (t –  ) h( ) d
System

6.3-67
 6.3-68

For Vg (t) = cos t ,


V0  t    cos   t   


 n
4 1
.        2nT2  T0  d
9 n 0  9 
 n
4 1 
    cos   t   
9 n 0  9  

.     2nT2  T0  d
 n
4 1
    cos   t  2nT2  T0 
9 n 0  9 
 6.3-69

 n
4  1   j  2 nT2 T0 
V 0       e
9 n0  9 
 n
4  jT0  1  j 2T2 
 e
9
  e
n0  9


4  jT0
e
 9
1  j 2T2
1 e
9
 49
Vo ( ) 
1 – j2T
1– e 2
9
49
Vo ( ) max   0.5
1–19
49
Vo ( ) min   0.4
119

6.3-70
 Vo ( )

0.5
0.4


0  2T2  T2 3  2T2 2 T2

6.3-71
 6.3-72

Junction of Three Lines



2
ne
Li
Z0  50 
Line 1 P
Z0  50 

Li
Z0  100 

ne
3


Line 1
50  100 
Z0 = 50 
 6.3-73

100 3  50 50 1
  
100 3  50 250 5
4
V  1   
5
6
C  1   
5
100
  C  eff 2   C .
50  100
2 2 . 6 12
 C   
3 3 5 15
 50
  C  eff 3   C .
50  100
1 1 6 6
  C  . 
3 3 5 15

2 1
Pref1   P  P
25

Ptrans2 =V  Ceff2 P

4 . 12 48
  P P
5 15 75
6.3-74
 6.3-75

Ptrans3 =V  Ceff3 P

4 . 12 24
  P P
5 15 75

1 48 24
Note that    1 (what does it mean?)
25 75 75
 Slide Presentations for ECE 329,
Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields,
to supplement “Elements of Engineering
Electromagnetics, Sixth Edition”

by

Nannapaneni Narayana Rao

Edward C. Jordan Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
Distinguished Amrita Professor of Engineering
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
 6.4

Lines with
ReactiveTerminations
and Discontinuities
 6.4-78

Line Terminated by an
Inductor
S IL
Z0 t=0
Z0 , T L
V0
z=0 z =l
IL  0    0

t = T+ V0 V –
–
2Z0 Z0
+
V0
+ V– L
2
–
 6.4-79

 V0 V   V0
    0  V 

 I.C.
 2 Z0 Z0 t T  2
t T 

V0 d  V0 V – 
 V –  L  –  B.C.
2 dt 2 Z0 Z0 

L dV   V    V0
Z0 dt 2
V0
 V  T
V    Ae
0 L
2
Using initial condition:
Z
V0 V0  0T
  Ae L
2 2
 Z0
T
A  V0 e L

Z0
V0 – (t – T )
V – (l,t)  –  V0 e L
2 tT

V – (l, t)
I – (l, t)  –
Z0
Z0
V0 V0 – (t – T )
 – e L
2Z0 Z0 tT
6.4-80
 Voltage

=0
0
0
T
T V0
2T 2T VL
(–)
3T 3T
(+) (–) (+)

V 0/2 0 z 1 V /2
0
–V 0/2 –V 0/2
6.4-81
 – = 0
0
0
T –V 0/2Z0 T
(+)
2T –V0/2Z0 2T
IL
3T 3T
(+)
(–) (–) V0
0 z l Z0
V0/2Z0 V 0/2Z0

6.4-82
 V
t = T/2
V0/2
0 l/2 l z
V0 V (+)
t = 3T/2
V0/2
0 l/2 l z
(–)
V
(+) t = 5T/2
V0/2
0 z
(–)
l
6.4-83
 I
t = T/2
V0/2Z0
0 l/2 l z
I
(+)
V0/2Z0 t = 3T/2
0 l/2 l z
(–)
I (+)
V 0/2Z0 t = 5T/2
0
l/2 (–) l z
6.4-84
 Line Terminated by a Capacitor
S

t=0 +
Z0
Z0 , T VL C
V0 –
z=0 z =l
VL (0–)  0

V0 V –
–
2Z0 Z0
t = T+ +
V0
+ V–
2
–
6.4-85
 6.4-86

V0 V  d  V0 
  C  V  B.C.
2 Z0 Z0 dt  2 
V0  V0
 2 V   0  V 

 I.C.
  t T  t T  2

dV – – V0
CZ0 V 
dt 2
1
V – t
V–  0  Ae CZ0
2
 Using I.C., 1
V0 V0 T –
–   Ae CZ0
2 2
1
– T
A  – V0 e CZ0
1
V – (t – T )
V – (l,t)  0 – V0 e CZ0
2 t>T
V – (l, t)
I – (l, t)  –
Z0
1
V0 V0 – CZ (t – T )
–  e 0
2 Z0 Z0
6.4-87 t>T
 Slide Presentations for ECE 329,
Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields,
to supplement “Elements of Engineering
Electromagnetics, Sixth Edition”

by

Nannapaneni Narayana Rao

Edward C. Jordan Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
Distinguished Amrita Professor of Engineering
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
 • 6.5

• Lines with Initial

Conditions
 • Line with Initial Conditions
I(z, 0)
++++++++
Z 0, v p V(z, 0)
--------

V  (z, 0)  V – (z, 0)  V(z, 0)

I  (z, 0)  I – (z, 0)  I(z, 0)

V  V –
I  , I–  –
Z0 Z0
V  (z, 0) – V – (z, 0)  Z0 I(z, 0)
6.5-90
 6.5-91

1
V  z , 0   V  z , 0   Z0 I  z , 0  

2
1
V  z , 0   V  z , 0   Z0 I  z , 0  

2
 6.5-92

•Example:

V(z, 0), V
I(z, 0)
50
++++++++
Z0, vp V(z, 0) 0 l z
--------
I(z, 0), A
z = 0 Z  50  zz = ll
0 1

0 l z
 V +(z, 0), V I +(z, 0), A
• B
50 1
C A
0 l z 0 l z
V –(z, 0), V I –(z, 0), A
50 C 1
D
0
0 l z l z
–1
6.5-93
 l
t
2vp
V +, V I +, A
• 50 B 1
C
D
z z
0 l 0 l
V –, V I –, A
B 1
50
A
z z
0 l 0 l
–1
V, V
100 I, A
50 1
z z
6.5-94 0 l 0 l
 t  vl
p
V +, V I +, A
• ’ ’

50 1
C
D z z
0 l 0 l
V –, V
’ I –, A
’

50 B 1
C
A
z z
0 l 0 l
–1
V, V I, A
50 1

z 0 z
0 l l
6.5-95 –1
 I(z, 0) t=0
• +++++++
Z0, vp V(z, 0) RL = Z0 = 50 
-------
z=0 z=l

V(z, 0), V I(z, 0), A

50 1
z z
0 l 0 l
6.5-96
 V +(z, 0) V V –(z, 0) V
• B
50 50 C
C A D
0 l z 0 l z

[V]RL, V
B
50 C
A D
0 l/2vp l/vp 3l/2vp t

6.5-97
 • Uniform Distribution
I(z, 0) = 0
+++++++
Z0, T V(z, 0) = V0
-------
z=0 z=l

 – V0
V (z, 0)  V (z, 0) 
2
 V0 – V0
I (z, 0)  , I (z, 0)  –
2Z0 2Z 0
6.5-98
 6.5-99

• V0  100 V, Z 0  50 
V, V I, A

50 (–)
1
50 (+) (+)
z 0
0 l (–) l z
–1

S I(z, 0) = 0
+++++++
t=0
RL Z0 , T V(z, 0) = V0
-------
z=0 z =l
V0  100 V, Z 0  50 
RL  150 , T  1 mS
 • t = 0.5 mS
V, V I, A

50 (–)
1
25 (+) (+)
0
0 l z (–) l z
–1

V, V I, A

50 (–) • t = 1.5 1mS

25 (+) (+)
0 l z 0 (–) l z
–1
6.5-100
 V, V • t = 2.5 mS
I, A
50 (–)
0.5
12.5 (+) (+)
l z 0 (–) l z
0 –0.5

[V]RL, V
75
37.5
18.75 9.375
0 2 4 6 t, mS
6.5-101
 6.5-102

•Bounce Diagram
Technique for
•Uniform Distribution
0 + I+
+
RL V0 + V +
–
z=0 z=l

V0  V    RL  0  I   B.C.


I  V
Z0
  RL 
• V0  V  – V
Z0

  RL 
V 1    – V0
 Z0 
Z0
V   – V0
R L  Z0

For V0  100 V, Z0  50 , and

RL = 150 ,
 50
V  – 100  – 25 V
150  50
6.5-103
 1
= =1
2 100 V
0
–25 100
• 75 –25
1

2 50
–12.5
3
t, mS 37.5 –12.5
4 –6.25 25
18.75 5
z=0 z z=l

[V]RL
75
37.5
18.75 9.375
0 2 4 6 t, mS
6.5-104
 • Energy Storage in Transmission Lines
1 2
CV
2
• we, Electric stored energy
l 1
density =
z0 CV 2 dz
2
• We, Electric
1 2 stored energy =
 CV 0 l (for uniform distribution)
2
• 1 2 1 2 1
 CV 0 v p T  CV 0 T
2 2 LC
2
1V0
 T
6.5-105
2 Z0
 1 2
LI
•wm, Magnetic stored energy density
2 =
l 1 2
z0 LI dz
2
•Wm, Magnetic stored energy =
1 2
 LI 0 l (for uniform distribution)
2
1 2 1 2 1
 LI 0 v p T  LI 0 T
2 2 LC
1 2
= I 0 Z0 T
2
6.5-106
 • Check of Energy Balance

• Initial stored energy

 We  Wm
2
1V0 1 2
 T  I 0 Z0 T
2 Z0 2
1 (100)2
  10 –3  0
2 50
 0.1 J
6.5-107
 6.5-108

•Energy dissipated in RL

V 
2


RL
dt
t 0 RL
2103 2 2 4103
 75 dt   3 37.5 dt  
0 150 210 150

 
3
 2 10  752 1  1  1  
150 4 16
3
 2  10  75 
2 4
150 3
 0.1 J
 • Another Example:

Z0 = 100 S Z0 = 50 
100  t=0
T = 1 s 100 
120 V T = 1 s 100 

z=0 z = l– z = l+ z = 2l

6.5-109 • System in steady state at t = 0–.

• t = 0–: steady
V, V state
60

z
0 l 2l
I, A
0.6

z
0 l 2l
6.5-110
 • t = 0+: 0.6 + I– 0.6 + I +
+ +
60 + V – 60 + V +
– 100  –

z = l– z = l+

60  V –  60  V  

+  B.C.
60 + V
0.6  I – = 0.6  I + 
100  
V – V 
I–  – , I 
100 50
6.5-111
 • Solving, we obtain

V –  V   – 15
I –  0.15
I   – 0.3

6.5-112
 • Voltage
=0
=0 V = 1
60 V 60 V
0 0
60 –15 60
1 –15 1
45 45
45 –5 2
2
t, s 40 40
3 40 –5 3
40
z=0 z =l z = l+ z = 2l
6.5-113
 • Current
 = 0, C = 1
=0 Ceff = 0.5
0.6 A 0.6 A
0 0
0.6 0.6
0.15 –0.3 1
1 0.3
0.75 0.75 0.1 2
2
t, s 0.05 0.4 0.4
3 0.8 3
0.8
z=0 z =l z = l+ z = 2l
6.5-114
 V, V
• t = 3 s + : New steady state
40

z
0 l 2l
I, A
0.8
0.4

z
6.5-115
0 l 2l
• t = 3 s + : 0.8 A 0.4 A
+ 0.4 A +
100  40 V 100  40 V 100 
– –
120 V
z=0 z = l– z = l+ z = 2l

6.5-116