Course : Introduction to Communication

Science
Effective Period : September 2017

NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION

Session 9 & 10
 Acknowledgement

These slides have been adapted from:

Rubent, Brent D., & Stewart, Lea P. 2016.

Communication and Human Behavior. 6th Edition.
USA: Kendall Hunt Publishing Company. ISBN: 978-1-
4652-5190-9
Chapter 4
&
Pearson, Judy C., Nelson, Paul E., Titsworth, Scott., &
Hosek, Angela M. 2017. Human Communication. 6th
Edition. USA: McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN: 978-1-
259-25541-0
Chapter 4
Learning Objectives
After learning this chapter, you should be able to:

• Explain the differences between verbal and nonverbal

communication.
• Define nonverbal communication.
• Describe how verbal and nonverbal codes work in conjunction.
• Identify two problems people have in interpreting nonverbal
codes.
• Define and identify nonverbal codes.
• Utilize strategies for improving your nonverbal communication.
Today’s Outline
In this session 9 & 10 you will learn about:
Similarities Between Nonverbal and Verbal Communication
Differences Between Nonverbal and Verbal Communication
Defining Nonverbal Communication
How Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Are Related
The Ambiguity of Nonverbal Codes
Nonverbal Codes
Ways to Improve Nonverbal Communication
Similarities Between Nonverbal and Verbal
Communication
Rule- “Rules” are generally not the sort of guidelines that are written
Governed down, formally taught, or officially enforced. Nonetheless, rules
and regularities do operate in nonverbal communication, as they
can in verbal messages.

Intentionality Unlike verbal messages, which are generally consciously used by

people for the purpose of sending specific messages, nonverbal
communication is often a more subtle and unintentional process.
While we may consciously use particular facial expressions,
gestures, and dress on a first date, job interview, or a group
meeting, with the intention of creating a desired effect, there will
be many additional unintentional nonverbal messages created in
these situations.
Similarities Between Nonverbal and Verbal
Communication
Common Nonverbal and verbal behavior may have any one of
Message several relationships to one another (Burgoon & Saine,
Functions 1978): redundancy, substitution, complementation,
emphasis, contradiction, regulation.

Persuasion Like languange and verbal communication, nonverbal

and Social communication can play a role in the dynamics of
Influence persuasion and social influence. To the extent that
people are able to use nonverbal behavior to appear
authoritative, credible, or attractive they may also be
able to achieve their persuasive goals (Gass & Seiter,
2014).
Differences Between Nonverbal and Verbal
Communication

Awareness During the last several decades, nonverbal communication has emerged
as an area of extensive scholarly study and a topic of popular articles and
and books. Nonetheless, verbal communication continues to receive more
Attention formalized attention.

Profiency in verbal communication is, in fact, considered to be so

important that it is regarded as one of “the basic skills”. By comparison,
nonverbal skills receive little attention in most schools.

Overt and In all cultures, there are overt rules and structure for language and
language use on verbal communication.
Covert
Rules
We learn the covert rules of nonverbal more indirectly, through
observations, experiences, and subtle patterns of reward and
punishment
Differences Between Nonverbal and Verbal
Communication
Control We are better able to control the imppression we create
verbally than nonverbally

Public vs Unlike language, nonverbal behaviour is not appropriate

Private Status to be talked in front of the people

Hemispheric The left hemisphere of the brain is thought to play a

Specialization predominant role in language processes

The right hemisphere is of special significance in the recognition of faces

and body images, art, music and other endeavors where integration,
creativity or imagination are involved.
 Source:
http://www.playingwithwords365.com
/2013/02/what-is-communication/

Defining Nonverbal Communication

Nonverbal communication is the process of using messages other than words to create meaning
with others.
Researchers estimate that between 60% and 90% of our daily communication behaviors are
conducted nonverbally.
 How Verbal and Nonverbal
Communication Are Related

Komunikasi nonverbal bekerja bersama dengan kata-

kata yang kita ucapkan dalam enam cara:

Mengulangi • Mengirimkan pesan yang sama baik secara verbal

maupun nonverbal.

Emphasizing • Penggunaan isyarat nonverbal untuk memperkuat

pesan verbal.

• Menggunakan kode nonverbal dan verbal untuk

Complementing menambah makna satu sama lain dan untuk
memperluas makna dari salah satu pesan saja.
• Mengirim pesan verbal dan nonverbal yang
Contradicting bertentangan

• Menggunakan kode nonverbal alih-alih kode

Substituting verbal..

Regulating • menggunakan kode nonverbal untuk memantau

dan mengontrol interaksi dengan orang lain.
The Ambiguity of Nonverbal Codes
The ambiguity of nonverbal communication
occurs for two reasons:

One code communicates a variety of meanings

• For example: the nonverbal code of raising your right hand may
mean that you are taking an oath, you are demonstrating for a
cause, you are indicating to an instructor that you would like to
answer a question, etc.

A variety of codes communicate the same meaning

• One example is the many nonverbal ways by which adults
communicate love or affection: you may sit or stand more
closely to someone you love, you might speak more softly, use a
certain vocal intonation, etc.
Define and Identify Nonverbal Codes
Nonverbal codes are messages consisting of symbols
that are not words, including nonword vocalizations.

Bodily Movement
Physical
and Facial Space Time
Attraction
Expression

Clothing and
Touching Vocal Cues
Artifacts
Define and Identify Nonverbal Codes

Bodily Movement and Facial Expression

• The study of bodily
movements, including
posture, gestures, and
facial expressions, is
called kinesics, a word
derived from the Greek
word kinesis, meaning
“movement”.
Source:
https://evolutionmale.wordpress.com/tag/non-verbal-
communication/
Define and Identify Nonverbal Codes

Bodily Movement and Facial Expression

Ekman
categorized Emblems
movement
on the
basis of its
Illustrators
function,
origins and Affect displays
meaning:
Regulators
Adaptors
Define and Identify Nonverbal Codes
Physical Attraction
• Generally, people who are physically
attractive are privileged over those
who are not physically attractive.
• Physical attractiveness generally leads
to more social success in adulthood.
• Physical attractiveness affects both
credibility and one’s ability to
persuade others.
• Physical attractiveness is also relevant
in relationships that are formed and
mantained through digitally mediated
communication channels.
Define and Identify Nonverbal Codes

Space
• Anthropologist Edward T. Hall intoduced the concept
of proxemics—the study of the human use of space
and distance

• Two concepts considered essentials to the study of

the use of space are:
– Territoriality
– Personal space
Define and Identify Nonverbal Codes
Space
• Hall was the first to define
the four distances people
regularly use while they
communicate:
• Intimate: from you
outward to18 inches
• Personal: 18 inches – 4
feet
• Social: 4 – 12 feet
• Public: exceeds 12 feet

Source: http://interpersonalcommkjersti.weebly.com/blog/nonverbal-
communication-personal-space-territoriality
Define and Identify Nonverbal Codes

Time
Temporal communication, or chronemics, is the
way that people organize and use time and the
messages that are created because of their
organization and use of that time.
To understand how individuals view and use
time differently is the contrast between
“Monochronic” and “Polychronic” people.
 Define and Identify Nonverbal Codes

Touching
• Tactile communication is
the use of touch in
communication.
• Because touch always
involves invasion of
another person’s
personal space, it
commands attention. It
can be welcome, as when
a crying child is held by a
parent, or unwelcome, as
in sexual harassment.
Source:
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-
nonverbal-communication.html
Define and Identify Nonverbal Codes

Vocal Cues
• Nonverbal communication includes some sounds, as
long as they are not words. We call them paralinguistic
features—the nonword sounds and nonword
characteristics of languange, such as pitch, volume,
rate, and quality.
Define and Identify Nonverbal Codes

Vocal Cues
• The paralinguistic feature examined here is vocal cues—all of the
oral aspects of sound except words themselves. Vocal cues
include:
– Pitch
– Rate
– Inflection
– Volume
– Quality
– Nonword sounds
– Pronunciation
– Articulation
– Enunciation
– Silence
Define and Identify Nonverbal Codes
Clothing and
Artifacts
• Objectics, or object
languange, is the study of the
human use of clothing and
artifacts as nonverbal codes.
• Artifacts are ornaments or
adornments you display that
hold communicative
potential. (jewelry, hairstyles,
cosmetics, automobiles,
cenes, watches, shoes, hats,
glasses, tattoos, body Soure:
piercings, etc) http://humancommkj.weebly.com/artifacts.html
Ways to Improve Nonverbal Communication

Skills in being able to effectively interpret and respond to nonverbal cues

vary greatly among individuals. You can improve your understanding of
nonverbal communication, though, by being sensitive to:
– Context
• The context Includes the physical setting, the occasion, and the
situation.
– Audience
• The audience makes a difference in your nonverbal
communication, so you have to adapt.
– Feedback
• Your attention to giving feedback can be very important in
helping others interpret your nonverbal cues that might
otherwise distract your listeners.
 References
• Rubent, Brent D., & Stewart, Lea P. 2016. Communication and Human
Behavior. 6th Edition. USA: Kendall Hunt Publishing Company. ISBN:
978-1-4652-5190-9
• Pearson, Judy C., Nelson, Paul E., Titsworth, Scott., & Hosek, Angela M.
2017. Human Communication. 6th Edition. USA: McGraw-Hill
Education. ISBN: 978-1-259-25541-0
• Body Language Part 1: Just The Facts.
https://evolutionmale.wordpress.com/tag/non-verbal-communication/
• Get Acquainted With the Myriad Types of Nonverbal Communication.
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-nonverbal-
communication.html
• Nonverbal Communication, Personal Space, & Territoriality.
http://interpersonalcommkjersti.weebly.com/blog/nonverbal-
communication-personal-space-territoriality
• The Body Language of Attraction.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/vanessa-van-edwards/the-body-
language-of-attraction_b_3673055.html
• What is communication?
http://www.playingwithwords365.com/2013/02/what-is-
communication/
THANK YOU