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FOR HEALTH EMERGENCIES
First Steps in First Aid
Standard First Aid
(SFA)
11/23/21 1
Objective
• Apply the PROPER INITIAL GENERAL
APPROACH to providing care to the
injured
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First Steps in First Aid
• Scene size-up
• Primary assessment
• History
• Secondary assessment
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Scene size-up
• Survey the scene
• Move patient to safest area
• Check for the consciousness of the patient
(Introduce yourself to gain patient and
By- standers’ trust).
• Call for help
(Ex: Mr Red , kindly call for an ambulance
then come back to me)
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Primary assessment
• Circulation
• Airway
• Breathing
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Circulation
• Skin - color: reddish? whitish? bluish?
- clammy? sweaty? very dry?
• Pulse - at the side of the
base of the thumb
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Airway
• Able to speak / cry = open airway
• Note quality of speaking / crying
• Open the airway (Module 2)
• Remove obstructions
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Breathing
• Check for signs of breathing (NOT > THAN10
SECONDS!)
• Feel the flow of air
against your cheek
• Hear the flow of air
• See the chest rise
and fall
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History
• Chief complaint
• History of the chief complaint
• Pain assessment
• Onset
• Allergies
• Medical history and medications
• Next of kin
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Secondary assessment
• To monitor victim’s condition; identify
specific injuries
• Head and neck
• Shoulders, chest and back
• Arms and hands
• Abdomen
• Hips
• Legs and feet
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Secondary assessment
• Head
• Sunken areas
• Blood or fluid on the
surface
• Blood or fluid
coming out of ears
• Confused? Difficulty
speaking? Difficulty
walking?
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Secondary assessment
• Neck
• Sides, back of neck
• Painful, tender or
deformed immobilize
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Secondary assessment
• Shoulders
• Examine collar
bone area
• Push down
shoulders
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Secondary assessment
• Chest
• Evenness
• Movement during
breathing
• Wounds
• Pain
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Secondary assessment
• Back
• Feel along the spine, ribcage
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Secondary assessment
• Arms and hands
• Deformities
• Pain
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Secondary assessment
• Abdomen
• Evenness
• “Board-like”
feeling
• Pain
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Secondary assessment
• Hips
• Compress gently
• If pain on compression
DO NOT rock!
• If no pain on
compression push
down gently in a
rocking motion
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Secondary assessment
• Legs and feet
• Feel for deformity
or pain
• Shortening, rotation
• Normal, painless
movement of
each foot
• Obvious injuries
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