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Presentasi Kelompok Part 1

1) The document discusses various lexical relations including antonymy, meronymy, hyponymy, taxonomy, and synonymy. 2) Antonymy refers to incompatible terms on a dimension of contrast, with gradable pairs occurring on a scale and non-gradable pairs not admitting a midpoint. 3) Meronymy describes the part-whole relationship, with a part being a meronym of the whole and the whole a holonym of the part. Meronymy is transitive.

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Wilda Fizriyani
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34 views21 pages

Presentasi Kelompok Part 1

1) The document discusses various lexical relations including antonymy, meronymy, hyponymy, taxonomy, and synonymy. 2) Antonymy refers to incompatible terms on a dimension of contrast, with gradable pairs occurring on a scale and non-gradable pairs not admitting a midpoint. 3) Meronymy describes the part-whole relationship, with a part being a meronym of the whole and the whole a holonym of the part. Meronymy is transitive.

Uploaded by

Wilda Fizriyani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Analyising

and
distinguishing
meanings
Mufadila Fibiani
Nadzirul Mujtaba
Wilda Fizriyani
Lexical RELATIONS

01. 02. 03.


ANTONYMY MERONYMY HYPONYMY

04. 05.

TAXONOMY SYNONYMY
01.
ANTONYMY
as a relationship of incompatibility between two terms with respect to some given
dimension of contrast.
Not every word has an obvious antonym: library, of, and corresponding

Gradable
 A gradable pair of antonyms names points on a scale which
contains a midpoint
 A consequence of the fact that gradable antonyms occur on a scale is the
fact that they are open to comparison
 E.g: Hot-cold

Non gradable
 antonyms which do not admit a midpoint,
 such as male-female
02. MERONYM
Y
The relation of part to whole, example: hand is a
meronym of arm and seed is a meronym of fruit

Conversely, arm is the holonym of hand

Typically, meronymy is taken to be transitive: if A is a


meronym of B, and B is a meronym of C, then A is also a
meronym of C
a. A seed is part of a fruit.
b. A fruit is part of a plant.
c. A seed is part of a plant.
the relation of the functional
component to its whole, such the relation of a segment to a
as the relation between heart preexisting whole (slice-cake);
and body or engine and car;

Four different types of


meronymy in English

the relation of a member to a


collection or an element to a the relation they call subset-set
set (sheep-flock); (fruit-food;

this would normally be considered


an example of hyponymy
03.
HYPONYM
 ‘Under’ Y
 The lexical relation described in English by the phrase
kind/type/sort of

 Chain of hyponyms defines a hierarchy of elements


 E.g
blues – jazz – music, paperback – book

My brother has started learning to play the sackbut,


my brother is learning a weird musical instrument,
using the hyperonym musical instrument to refer to its
hyponym sackbut
04. TAXONOM
Y
- define different types of class inclusion hierarchies
- basic to the classification and naming of biological species
- the relationship between the general term and the specific
instances is often described using a hierarchial diagram, called
taxonomy
05. SYNONYM
Y

- Exist between different expression of the same language

- genuine lexical synonymy prove extremely hard to find

- It’s likely/probable that he’ll be late

- He is likely/*probable to be late

- Student = Pupil (person being instructed by a teacher)


COMPONENTIAL
ANALYSIS
• Analyses meaning in terms of binary features (two possible values)
• Represents a translation into semantics of the principles of
structrualist phonological analysis
• words for which it proves hard to couch definitions
are also hard to analyse componentially.
POLYSEMY AND MEANING DIVISION
01. 02.
POLYSEMY,
TESTS FOR
MONOSEMY AND
POLYSEMY
HOMONYMY
1. POLYSEMY, MONOSEMY AND
HOMONYMY

POLYSEM MONOSEM HOMONY


Y Y MY

Two unrelated
Word with several words happen to
related senses Word that has share the same
single meaning phonological
form
01 polysemy

“Polysemous” (Greek; Many meanings) Possesses several related


distinct sense

Key term: Related

Ex:

Chair “Furniture (for sitting on)”

Chair “Head of commitee”

a. It’s a crazy theory, but I’ll buy it (no price involved)

b. He gave them one last chance (no change of possession)


monosemy

“Monosemy” (Greek; Single meaning) a word contains only a single meaning

Ex: “Orrery” (clockwork model of solar system) etymology

Monosemous words may often may be general over variety of distinct


reading

Ex: “Cousin” (son of father’s sister, daughter of mother’s brother)

Refers to the “offspring of parent’s sibling”

“aunt” (younger sister of father, mother’s older brother)

Refers to the “sibling of parents”


HOMONYMY

Homonymy” (Greek; same name) a sing phonological form possesses unrelated


meanings

Ex: “wave and waive” (wave: make a sign with hand) (waive: release, free)

Homonymy : words that have different meanings but are pronounced the same or
spelled the same or both

Ex: “Bark” (Sound made by dog, tree skin)

Homophone homonymy: Bang, bank

Homograft homonymy : Seri, seri (bersinar, imbang)


02. TESTS FOR POLYSEMY
1. Defitional Test
Aristotle “identifies sense with number of
definition”

2. Logical Test
Quyne “It can be simultaneously true and fale of
the same referent”

3. Linguistic Test
Involve constructions wich predicate the same
information of two different subjects
Definition test

General way used in testing the polysemy (by knowing the relately
separate definition or sense)
Dictionary, etymology

Ex:
a. ‘piece, bit’: les pièces d’un jeu d’échecs ‘the pieces of a chess set’
b. ‘coin’: pièce de deux euros ‘two euro coin’
c. ‘document’: pièce d’identité ‘identity document’
d. ‘play’: pièce en trois actes ‘three act play’
e. ‘room’: appartement de deux pièces ‘two room fl at’
logical test

Determining the affirmation and the denial applied to different


meanings
Ex:
b. This man is a minister (‘priest’), not a minister (‘politician’).
c. The exam paper was hard (‘diffi cult’), not hard (‘fi rm to the
touch’).
linguistic test

Predicate the same information of two different subject

Ex:
a. The quartet are playing, and so are Real Madrid.
b. The quartet are playing, and so is the trio.
0.

You can describe the topic of the section here


take your favourite candy
THANK
YOU
21

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