Roleplay of the three physical states – solid,

liquid, gas.
Three groups.
Assign one group to act out the solid, the second as
liquid and the third one as gas. Give the students 3
minutes to discuss among themselves how to act the
assigned state, and 2 minutes to act it. One member
of the group will explain their act.
Allow the other groups to make comments on the
group acts.
 Group Performance
Role Play
Criteria Exemplary Proficient Developing
5 4-3 2-1
Creativity Demonstrates creative Demonstrates moderate Lacks imaginative
and thinking and the performance creative thinking and thinking and the
Innovative has innovative and unique the performance has performance lacks/has no
ness qualities concepts innovative and unique innovative and unique
qualities concepts qualities/concepts

Content Concepts presented are very Concepts presented are Both concepts presented
and substantive and well- very substantive and and the message
Organizati organized, and conveyed very well-organized, and conveyed are not well-
on clear message ambiguous message organized
and ambiguous

Teamwork Cooperation among group Cooperation among Cooperation among

members is very evident; 75%- group members is group members is not
100% of the members of the moderately evident; evident; 50% of the
group work collaboratively 50%-75% of the members of the group
members of the group work collaboratively.
work collaboratively
The Kinetic Molecular
Theory
States of Matter—Gases, Liquids and Solids
The Kinetic Molecular Theory
The theory of moving molecules

-Use to explain the properties of solids, liquids, and

gases in terms of the energy of particles and the forces
that act between them
The Kinetic Molecular Theory

1. Gases consist of large numbers of tiny particles that are far

apart relative to their size.
2. Collisions between gas particles and between particles and
container walls are elastic collisions. Elastic collisions one in
which there is no net loss of total kinetic energy.
3. Gas particles are in continuous, rapid, random motion. They
possess kinetic energy, the energy of motion.
4. There are no attractive forces between molecules
(under normal conditions of temperature and pressure)
5. All gases at the same temperature have the same average
kinetic energy of particles.
Ke = ½ mv2

Ke = the kinetic energy

m = mass
v = the velocity
 Particles in Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Super important with the phases of matter!

Fill in the table.
Properties Solid Liquid Gas

Volume, Shape

Density

Compressibility

Motion of
Molecules
Fill in the table.
Properties Gas Liquid Solid

Volume, Shape Assumes Fixed volume; Fixed volume:

volume and assumes shape of fixed shape
shape of occupied part of
container container.

Density low high high

Compressibiltiy Easy to Can not appreciably Can not
compress compressed appreciably
compressed

Motion of Random, fast, Random, medium Vibration in place

Molecules cover large speed, limited
distances distances
 States of Matter
• Solid

— have definite shape

— particles are tightly packed together

— particles vibrate in a fixed position; they cannot

move around or slide past each other

— have high densities

— can expand only slightly when heated

• Liquid

— has no definite shape but has definite volume

— particles in liquid are close with one another

— particles are not arranged in a rigid or orderly manner;

they can slide past each other, allowing the liquid to flow

freely and take the shape of the container

— liquids are almost incompressible, but they tend to

expand slightly when heated

— they generally have medium densities
• Gas

— take the shape of their container

— no definite volume

— can expand to fill any volume; it takes both the shape

and volume of its container

— particles are usually much farther apart

— easily compressed into a smaller volume when

pressure is increased, but greatly expand when

heated

— have low densities

Answer the following questions.

Explain the concept of the difference of taste of cold

and warm soda.
How are the molecules of gas, liquid and solid
arranged?
Describe the characteristic movement of the particles
of gas, liquid and solid.
Compare the distances among molecules in the gas,
liquid and solid and rank the phases in increasing
distance between particles
How liquids turn to gas?
Hands-on activity
Water, ethanol, acetone
Questions to investigate:
1. How many drops of liquid can a 1-peso coin hold?
2. How long will it take for one drop of a liquid to
evaporate?
Safety Precautions:
The activity should be performed in an airy or well-
ventilated room. Remind the students of the proper
handling of the substances they will be using. Avoid
contact with the skin and direct inhalation of the
vapors of the substances. It is best if the students use
safety gloves, goggles and mask.
Procedure
1. Tell the students to work in 5 groups. One of the
members will act as the recorder of data.
2. Give each student a data sheet for their results.
3. Check for the availability of the materials for the
activity. Each group should have 18 pieces of 1-peso
coin and 3 droppers.
4. Using the first 3 coins, have the students drop each
liquid on a 1-peso coin and count the number of
drops the coin can hold. Repeat for three trials.
5. Then on the next 3 coins, put a drop of the liquid and
determine how much time it takes one drop to
evaporate. Repeat also for three trials.
Discuss the results of the activity.
2. Ask the following questions:
a. Which molecules can hold more drops on the coin?
b. Which molecules took longer to evaporate?
c. Are the molecules that can hold the lesser number of drops
the same as the molecules that took less time to evaporate?
d. Based on the formula and geometries of the substances,
are the molecules that can hold more drops on the coin polar
or nonpolar? What about those that took longer to
evaporate?
Intermolecular forces
 are attractive forces that act between molecules or
particles in the solid or liquid states.
Types of IMFA
Dispersion forces
- these forces of attraction result from temporary dipole
moments induced in ordinarily nonpolar molecules.
These forces are present between all types of molecules
due to the movement of electrons. As electrons move
around the nucleus, an uneven distribution causes
momentary charge separations. Slightly positive sides of a
molecule are attracted to the slightly negative sides of the
adjacent molecule.
Types of IMFA
Dipole-dipole forces
- are attractive forces between polar molecules
(molecules that possess dipole moments). In polar
molecules the electrons are unevenly distributed
because some elements are more electronegative than
others. The partial negative side of one molecule is
attracted to the partial positive side of another
molecule
Types of IMFA
Ion- dipole interaction
- is an attractive force that results from
electrostatic attraction between an ion and a neutral
molecule that has a dipole. It is most commonly found
in solutions especially those that are comprised of
ionic compounds in polar liquids. A cation attracts
the partially negative end of a neutral polar molecule.
An anion attracts the partially positive end of a neutral
polar molecules.
Types of IMFA
Hydrogen bond
-is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction
between the hydrogen atom in a polar bond, such as
N‒H, O‒H, or F‒H, and an electronegative O, N,
or F atom. Hydrogen bonds between water
molecules are particularly strong
Explain the relationship of IMFA in the properties of
liquids and solids.
Answer the following questions.

Arrange the IMFA in terms of strength.

Give at least 3 applications of hydrogen bonding.
Identify the IMFA present in the following compounds.

Bromine
Ammonia
HCl
Chlorine
HI
What can you say about the picture?
GROUP ACTIVITY
3 groups
Materials paper, pen, tapes

What can you say about the pictures?

How can you explain these phenomena.
Assemble the jumbled letters.
1. usrfaec sointe
2. Tycaipllair
3. Tyvisoc
4. Varpo ressurep
5. Lingboi pntio
6. Larmo thea of tionirvarpoza
Properties of Liquids and Intermolecular
Forces
Surface tension
Capillary action
Viscosity
Vapor pressure
Boiling point
Molar heat of vaporization
Surface Tension
Surface tension is the measure of the
elastic force in the surface of a liquid. It
is the amount of energy required to
stretch or increase the surface of a liquid
by a unit area.
Activity
 4 GROUPS
Get a thick sheet of paper and put a drop of water ,
honey and corn oil.
Slight tilt the paper.
Observe.
Viscosity
is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to
flow. The greater the viscosity, the
slower the liquid flows.
Liquids that have strong intermolecular forces have
higher viscosities than those that have weak
intermolecular forces.
Capillarity /Capillary Action
 is the tendency of a liquid to rise in narrow tubes
or be drawn into small openings such as those
between grains of a rock.
is a result of intermolecular attraction between
the liquid and solid materials.
Types of forces involve in Capillarity
Cohesion is the intermolecular attraction between like
molecules (the liquid molecules).

Adhesion is an attraction between unlike molecules

(such as those in water and in the particles that make
up the glass tube
When the cohesive forces between the liquid
molecules are greater than the adhesive forces
between the liquid and the walls of the container, the
surface of the liquid is convex.
Example: mercury in a container
When the cohesive forces between the liquid
molecules are lesser than the adhesive forces between
the liquid and the walls of the container, the surface
of the liquid is concave.
Example: water in a glass container
When both adhesive and cohesive forces are equal, the
surface is horizontal.
Example: distilled water in a silver vessel
Vapor Pressure
The pressure exerted by the gas in equilibrium
with a liquid in a closed container at a given
temperature is called the equilibrium vapor
pressure or simply vapor pressure of the liquid
When the rate of condensation of the gas becomes
equal to the rate of evaporation of the liquid, the gas
in the container is said to be in equilibrium with the
liquid.
Vapor Pressure
For some substances with weak intermolecular forces,
the energy requirement is easy obtained from
collisions with other molecules and absorption of
energy from the surroundings. Many molecules can
vaporize, resulting in a high vapor pressure. For
molecules with strong intermolecular forces,
gathering enough energy may not be as easy, and
register low vapor pressures.
Molar heat of vaporization
The molar heat of vaporization (ΔHvap) is the energy
required to vaporize 1 mole of a liquid at a given
temperature.
H is the symbol for enthalpy, which means heat
content at a given standard condition.
Boiling point of a liquid
is the temperature at which the liquid converts into a
gas.
Properties of Liquids and Intermolecular
Forces
Surface tension
Capillary action
Viscosity
Vapor pressure
Boiling point
Molar heat of vaporization
Answer
At 50. ° C the vapor pressure of ethanol is 0.30 atm,
acetic acid is 0.08 atm, water is 0.12 atm, and acetone
is 0.84 atm.
A. Arrange these substances in order of increasing rates
of evaporation.
B. Arrange these substances in order of increasing
boiling point temperature.
C. Arrange these substances in order of increasing
intermolecular forces.
Answers
A. Lowest Rate - acetic acid, water, ethanol, acetone -
Highest Rate
B. Lowest Boiling Point - acetone, ethanol, water,
acetic acid - Highest Boiling Point
C. Lowest IMF - acetone, ethanol, water, acetic acid –
Highest IMF
ASSIGNMENT
Research at least 3 applications of properties of liquids
in industries.
Answer
Why is it necessary for birds to have a natural coat of
wax on their feathers? 

Why is the application of wax in surfaces considered

as a protection of the surface?

How does the use of soap and detergents affect the

surface tension of water?
Special Property of water
 Water is a good solvent.
 Water has a high specific heat.
 The boiling point of water unusually high.
Solid water is less dense, and in fact floats on liquid
water