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Introduction To Databases: By: Aisha Batool

This document provides an introduction to databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses what databases are, the limitations of file-based systems, and how DBMS address these limitations. It also describes the components of a DBMS environment including hardware, software, data, procedures, and users. Key roles in database environments like administrators, designers, developers and end users are also outlined.

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Umar Khan
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31 views

Introduction To Databases: By: Aisha Batool

This document provides an introduction to databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses what databases are, the limitations of file-based systems, and how DBMS address these limitations. It also describes the components of a DBMS environment including hardware, software, data, procedures, and users. Key roles in database environments like administrators, designers, developers and end users are also outlined.

Uploaded by

Umar Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Databases

BY: AISHA BATOOL


What is a database?
A database is ……
◦ The list of groceries at the supermarket
◦ The list of doctors at the hospital
◦ The list of books at the books store

And ……
What are file-based systems
Collection of application programs that perform services for the
end users (e.g. reports).

Each program defines and manages its own data.


File-Based Processing
Limitations of File-Based Approach
 Separation and isolation of data
 Each program maintains its own set of data.
 Users of one program may be unaware of potentially useful
data held by other programs.

 Duplication of data
 Same data is held by different programs.
 Wasted space and potentially different values and/or
different formats for the same item.
Limitations of File-Based Approach
 Data dependence
 File structure is defined in the program code.

 Incompatible file formats


 Programs are written in different languages, and so
cannot easily access each other’s files.
 Fixed Queries/Proliferation of application programs
 Programs are written to satisfy particular functions.
 Any new requirement needs a new program.
How to resolve these issues? Database
 Shared collection of logically related data (and a description of
this data), designed to meet the information needs of an
organization.

 System catalogue (metadata) provides description of data to


enable program–data independence.
 Logically related data comprises entities, attributes, and
relationships of an organization’s information.
DBMS
 A software system that enables users to define, create,
maintain, and control access to the database.

 (Database) application program: a computer program


that interacts with database by issuing an appropriate
request (SQL statement) to the DBMS.
DBMS
Database Approach
 Controlled access to database including:
 a security system
 an integrity system
 a concurrency control system
 a recovery control system
 a user-accessible catalogue.
Views
 Allows each user to have his or her own view of the
database.

 A view is essentially some subset of the database.


Views - Benefits
 Reduce complexity
 Provide a level of security
 Provide a mechanism to customize the appearance of the
database
 Present a consistent, unchanging picture of the structure of the
database, even if the underlying database is changed
Components of DBMS Environment
 Hardware
 Can range from a PC to a network of computers.

 Software
 DBMS, operating system, network software (if necessary)
and also the application programs.
Components of DBMS Environment
 Data
 Data acts as a bridge between the machine components and the
human components
 The database contains both the operational data and the metadata
(Data about data)
 Important terms
 Schema or structure of the database
 Attributes or fields of tables
 Tuples or records
 Relation or table
Components of DBMS Environment
 Procedures
 Procedures refer to the instructions and rules that govern the design
and use of the database
 These may consist of instructions on how to:
• Log on to the DBMS.
• Use a particular DBMS facility or application program.
• Start and stop the DBMS.
• Make backup copies of the database.
 People
 Users
 Developers
 Administrators
Database Schemas
 Database Schema:
 The description of a database.
 Includes descriptions of the database structure, data types,
and the constraints on the database.
 Schema Diagram:
 An illustrative display of (most aspects of) a database
schema.
 Schema Construct:
 A component of the schema or an object within the schema,
e.g., STUDENT, COURSE.
DatabaseState versus Instances
 Database State:
 The actual data stored in a database at a particular moment in
time. This includes the collection of all the data in the database.
 Also called database instance (or occurrence or snapshot).
 The term instance is also applied to individual database
components, e.g. record instance, table instance, entity instance
Database State
 Database State:
 Refers to the content of a database at a moment in time.
 Initial Database State:
 Refers to the database state when it is initially loaded into the
system.
 Valid State:
 A state that satisfies the structure and constraints of the database.
Database Schema vs. Database State
• Distinction
– The database schema changes very infrequently.
– The database state changes every time the database is
updated.
• Schema is also called intension.
• State is also called extension.
Database Schema vs Instances
 Database Schema
– Description of database (also called intension)
– Specified during design phase
– Remain almost static
• Database Instance
– Data in the database at any particular point in time
– Dynamic (changes with the time)
– Also called an extension (or state) of database
Example of a Database Schema
Example of a Database state
Roles in the Database Environments
 Administrators
 Data Administrators
 Database Administrators
 Database Designers
 Logical Database Designers
 Physical Database Designers
 Application Developers
 End Users
 Naïve Users
 Sophisticated Users
Roles in the Database Environments
Data Administrator
Responsible for the management of the data resource
Database planning
Maintenance of standards, policies
and procedures
Conceptual/logical database design
Database Administrator
Responsible for the physical realization of the database
Physical database design and implementation
Security and integrity control
DBA is more technically oriented than the role of the DA
Roles in the Database Environments
Logical Database Designers
Concerned with
Identifying the data
Relationships between the data
Constraints on the data (constraints are also called business rules)
“WHAT” data will be stored
Physical Database Designers
How the logical database design is to be physically realized
“HOW” Data will be stored
Roles in the Database Environments
Application Developers
 Once the database has been implemented, the application programs
that provide the required functionality for the end-users must be
implemented
 Enables users to perform actions:
 Retrieving data,
Inserting,
Updating
Deleting Data
Advantages of DBMS
Advantages of DBMS
 Balance conflicting requirements
 Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
 Increased productivity
 Improved maintenance through data independence
 Increased concurrency
 Improved backup and recovery services
Disadvantages of DBMS

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