OSI and TCP/IP

Model
Dr.Tanuja S.DHope
OSI
 OSI model is based on the proposal developed by
the International Standards Organization (ISO).
 This model is called ISO OSI (Open Systems
Interconnection) Reference model because it deals
with connecting open systems (systems that are
open for communication with other systems)
 We call it as OSI Model.
OSI
 A layer should be created where different level of abstraction is needed.
 Each layer should perform a well defined function.
 The function of each layer should be chosen according to the
internationally standardized protocols.
 The number of layers should be large enough that distinct functions
should not be put in the same layer and small enough that the
architecture does not become very complex.
 Protocols are set of rules which govern every possible communication
over a network. These protocols describe the movement of data
between the source and destination or the internet. They also offer
simple naming and addressing schemes.
Physical Layer
 It is the bottom layer of OSI Model.
 It is responsible for the actual physical
 connection between the devices. Such physical
 connection may be made by using twisted pair
cable.
 It is concerned with transmitting bits over a
communication channel.
Physical Layer
Functions of Physical Layer
 Transforming bits into signals
 Provides synchronization of bits by a clock.
 Physical layer manages the way a device
 connects to network media.
 It defines the transmission rate.
 It defines the way in which the devices are
 connected to the medium.
 It provides physical topologies
 It can use different techniques of multiplexing.
Data Link Layer
 It is responsible for node-to-node delivery of
 data.
 It receives the data from network layer and
 creates FRAMES , add physical address to these
 frames & pas them to physical layer
 It consist of 2 layers:
 Logical Link Layer (LLC) : Defines the methods and provides
addressing information
 for communication between network devices.
 Medium Access Control (MAC):
 establishes and maintains links between communicating devices.
Data Link Layer
Functions of Data Link Layer
 Framing : DLL divides the bits received from N/W
 layer into frames. (Frame contains all the addressing
 information necessary to travel from S to D).
 Physical addressing: After creating frames, DLL
adds physical address of sender/receiver (MAC
 address) in the header of each frame.
 Flow Control: DLL prevents the fast sender from
 drowning the slow receiver.
Functions of Data Link Layer
 Error Control: It provides the mechanism of
error
 control in which it detects & retransmits damaged or
lost frames.
 AccessControl: When single comm. Channel is
shared by multiple devices, MAC layer of DLL
 provides help to determine which device has control
over the channel.
Network Layer
 It is responsible for the source to destination
delivery of a packet across multiple networks.
 If two systems are attached to different networks
with devices like routers, then N/W layer is used.
 Thus DLL overseas the delivery of the packet
between the two systems on same network and the
network layer ensures that the packet gets its point
of origin to its final destination.
Network Layer
Functions of Network Layer
 Internetworking: It provides Internetworking.
 Logical Addressing:
 When packet is sent outside the network, N/W layer adds Logical
(network) address of the sender & receiver to each packet.
 Network addresses are assigned to local devices by n/w administrator
and assigned dynamically by special server
 called DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
 Routing: When independent n/w are connected to create
 internetwork several routes are available to send the data
 from S to D. These n/w are interconnected by routers &
 gateways that route the packet to final destination.
Transport Layer
 It is responsible for process-to-process delivery of the
 entire message.
 TL looks after the delivery of entire message considering all
 its packets & make sure that all packets are in order. On the
other hand n/w layer treated each packet independently.
 At the receiver side, TL provides services to application
layer & takes services form n/w layer.
 At the source side, TL receives message from upper layer
into packets and reassembles these packets again into
message at the destination.
Transport Layer
Transport Layer
 Transport Layer provides two types of services:
 Connection Oriented Transmission: In this type
 of transmission the receiving devices sends an
 acknowledge back to the source after a packet or group
of packet is received. It is slower transmission method.
 Connectionless Transmission: In this type of
transmission the receiving devices does not sends an
 acknowledge back to the source. It is faster
 transmission method
Functions OF Transport Layer
 Segmentation of message into packet &
 reassembly of packets into message.
 Port addressing: Computers run several processes.
TL header include a port address with each process.
 Flow Control: Flow control facility prevents the
source form sending data packets faster than the
 destination can handle.
 Error control: TL ensures that the entire message
arrives at the receiving TL without error.
Session layer
 Session layer is the fifth layer of OSI Model
 It has the responsibility of beginning, maintaining
and
 ending the communication between two devices,
called session.
 It also provides for orderly communication
between devices by regulating the flow of data
Session layer
Functions of Session Layer
 stablishing, Maintaining and ending a session:
 When sending device first contact with receiving device, it
 sends syn (synchronization) packet to establish a
 connection & determines the order in which information
 will be sent. Receiver sends ack (acknowledgement). So the
 session can be set & end.

 Dialog Control: This function determines that which device will

communicate first and the amount of data that will be sent.
Dialog separation: Process of adding checkpoints &
 markers to the stream of data is called dialog separation.
Presentation layer
 Presentation layer is the sixth layer of OSI Model.
 It is concerned with the syntax & semantics of the
information exchanged between the two devices.
 It was designed for data encryption, decryption
and compression.
Presentation layer
Functions of Presentation Layer
 Data Presentation or Translation: Because different
 computers use different encoding systems. It ensures that
 the data being sent is in the format that the recipient can
 process.

 Data Encryption: PL provides this facility by which hides

 the information from everyone except the person who
 originally sent the information & the intended recipient. When
encrypted data arrives at destination, PL decrypts the message.
 Data Compression: PL shrinks large amount of data into
 smaller pieces i.e. it reduces the size of data
Application Layer
Functions of Application Layer
 It is the topmost i.e. seventh layer of OSI Model.
 It enables the user to access the network.
 It provides user interface & supports for services
such
 as e-mail, file transfer, access to the world wide
web.
 So it provides services to different user
applications.
Application Layer
 Mail Services: This application provides various e-
 mail services.
 File transfer & Access: It allows users to access files in
a remote host, to retrieve files from remote
 computer for use etc.
 Remote log-in: A user can log into a remote computer
and access the resources of that computer.
 Accessing the World Wide Web: Most common
application today is the access of the World Wide Web
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
 TCP/IP means Transmission Control Protocol and
Internet Protocol. It is the network model used in
the current Internet architecture as well. 
Layer 1: Host-to-network Layer

 Layer 1: Host-to-network Layer

 Lowest layer of the all.
 Protocol is used to connect to the host, so that the
packets can be sent over it.
 Varies from host to host and network to network.
Layer 2: Internet layer

 Layer 2: Internet layer

 Selection of a packet switching network which is based on a
connectionless internetwork layer is called a internet layer.
 It is the layer which holds the whole architecture together.
 It helps the packet to travel independently to the destination.
 Order in which packets are received is different from the way they are
sent.
 IP (Internet Protocol) is used in this layer.
 The various functions performed by the Internet Layer are:
 Delivering IP packets
 Performing routing
 Avoiding congestion
Layer 3: Transport Layer

 Layer 3: Transport Layer

 It decides if data transmission should be on parallel path or
single path.
 Functions such as multiplexing, segmenting or splitting on the
data is done by transport layer.
 The applications can read and write to the transport layer.
 Transport layer adds header information to the data.
 Transport layer breaks the message (data) into small units so
that they are handled more efficiently by the network layer.
 Transport layer also arrange the packets to be sent, in sequence.
Layer 4: Application Layer

 Layer 4: Application Layer

 The TCP/IP specifications described a lot of applications that were at the top
of the protocol stack. Some of them were TELNET, FTP, SMTP, DNS etc.
 TELNET is a two-way communication protocol which allows connecting to a
remote machine and run applications on it.
 FTP(File Transfer Protocol) is a protocol, that allows File transfer amongst
computer users connected over a network. It is reliable, simple and efficient.
 SMTP(Simple Mail Transport Protocol) is a protocol, which is used to
transport electronic mail between a source and destination, directed via a
route.
 DNS(Domain Name Server) resolves an IP address into a textual address for
Hosts connected over a network.
 It allows peer entities to carry conversation.
Layer 4: Application Layer

 It allows peer entities to carry conversation.

 It defines two end-to-end protocols: TCP and UDP
 TCP(Transmission Control Protocol): It is a reliable
connection-oriented protocol which handles byte-stream
from source to destination without error and flow
control.
 UDP(User-Datagram Protocol): It is an unreliable
connection-less protocol that do not want TCPs,
sequencing and flow control. Eg: One-shot request-
reply kind of service.