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Lesson 3 Fallacies & Biases

This document discusses various types of fallacies and biases that can undermine logical reasoning. It defines fallacies as faulty reasoning and explains common types like ad hominem, appeal to emotion, begging the question, and cause and effect fallacies. It also discusses biases like correspondence bias, confirmation bias, framing, hindsight bias, and cultural bias. Examples are provided for each fallacy and bias. The document aims to help readers recognize these flawed reasoning patterns to make stronger arguments in writing and debates.

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ernie
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127 views

Lesson 3 Fallacies & Biases

This document discusses various types of fallacies and biases that can undermine logical reasoning. It defines fallacies as faulty reasoning and explains common types like ad hominem, appeal to emotion, begging the question, and cause and effect fallacies. It also discusses biases like correspondence bias, confirmation bias, framing, hindsight bias, and cultural bias. Examples are provided for each fallacy and bias. The document aims to help readers recognize these flawed reasoning patterns to make stronger arguments in writing and debates.

Uploaded by

ernie
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FALLACIES

PREPARED BY: ERNESTO BAIS ARCENAS JR.


FALLACIES
• Faulty reasoning
• Some of these fallacies may be
intentional, as person making the
claim is desperate to convince you to
accept his or her argument.
Ad hominem
• Attacking the person making the
argument instead of the
argument itself.
• Ex.
• “ Of course, he believes that the
government is flawed. He is a rebel and a
Communist!”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FD50OTR3arY&feature=youtu.be
Appeal to Force
• Using the threat of force or
undesirable event to advance an
argument.
• Ex.
• “ If this peace agreement will not be
signed by the government, then we will
have no recourse but to go to war.”
https://youtu.be/wVe65EcFEvE
Appeal to Emotion
• Using emotions such as pity or
sympathy
• Ex.
• “ All these charges are baseless; this is just
plain harassment – can’t you see how this
is affecting my family?”

https://youtu.be/-wEnJOZqCec?t=36

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cxrqdL-tD-M
APPEAL TO THE POPULAR
• The idea is presented as
acceptable because a lot of
people accept it.
• Ex.
• “ Every boy your age already has a
girlfriend, you should go and find one!”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oulJ9DpLa-w
Appeal to the Tradition
• The idea is acceptable because it
has been true for a long time.
• Ex.
• “Marriage should be between a man and a
woman. It has long been time in this
country; it should remain so today and in
the future.”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sNa2xndrruk
Begging the question
• Assuming the thing or idea to be
proven is true; also known as a
“circular argument”
• Ex. “Global warming doesn’t exist
because the world isn’t getting warmer.”
• “ I have the right to speech, therefore, you
cannot stop me from talking.”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OAXKc-rvMa8
Cause and Effect
• Assuming the cause and effect
relationship between unrelated
events
• Ex.
• “Ever since you brought that sweater,
everything has been going wrong in your
life. You should get rid of it.”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-rp5w2pO50
Fallacy of Composition
• Assuming that what is true for a
part is true for the whole.
• Ex.
• “ These cases of robberies in this district
have convinced me that the city has
become a den of thieves and criminals.”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_abNOAllqM
Fallacy of Division
• Assuming that what is true for the
whole is true for its parts
• Ex.
• “You come from a family of doctors and
intellectuals! Surely you can do better in
this course!”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2SO9Z4wDL1U
LET’S QUIZ IT UP
• “Lots of people bought this album. So • Appeal to the popular
it must be good.”
• Annual exam scores have fallen sharply • Cause-and-effect
since the 2019s. Clearly, students are
playing too much ML.
• "My roommate said her philosophy class
was hard, and the one I'm in is hard, too. • Fallacy of composition
All other classes must be hard!"

• I'm positive that my work will meet • Appeal to pity


your requirements. I really need the
job since my grandmother is sick.
LET’S QUIZ IT UP
• "President Duterte raised taxes, and then • Cause-and-effect
the rate of violent crime went up. Duterte
is responsible for the rise in crime.“
• "I know the exam is graded based on • Appeal to Pity
performance, but you should give me an
A. My lola has been sick, my internet was
down, and I've had a cold, so it was really
hard for me to study!“
• "Active euthanasia is morally acceptable. • Begging the
It is a decent, ethical thing to help another question
human being escape suffering through
death."
• Why should we put people on trial when
• Begging the
we know they are guilty? question
LEARNING FALLACIES
• Now that you’ve examined some
common errors in reasoning, you'll
be better equipped to recognize
them when they come your way. In
your future writings or debates, this
will serve as a guidepost to make
sure you don't fall into similar
trappings.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEwGBIr_RIw&t=327s
BIAS
• Personal views, subjective views
of the person presenting it.
• These are not necessarily errors in
reasoning but refer to tendencies
or influences which affects the
views of people.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEwGBIr_RIw&t=327s
Correspondence Bias or
Attribution Effect
• Tendency to judge a person’s
personality by his or her
actions, without regard for
external factors or influences.
• Example:
“These soldiers who fought in the war
are all bloodthirsty murderers”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u2q3aumZs-o
CONFIRMATION BIAS
• Tendency to look for and
readily accept information
which fits with one’s own
beliefs or views to reject ideas
or views that go against it.
• Ex. “How can I accept his view that
there is no God? I am a Christian”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxDDrEA497E
Framing
• Focusing on a certain aspect of a
problem while ignoring other
aspects.
• Ex. Preliminary evidences have still not
pointed out the actual cause of the plane
crush, but investigators are currently
focusing on the possibility of pilot error.”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttOvG2if_9I
Hindsight
• The tendency to see past events as
predictable, or to ascribe a pattern
to historical events.
• Ex. “Magellan’s assault on Mactan Island was a
foolhardy (reckless) venture, made by an
overconfident, careless man who underestimated
the valor of the native Filipinos.”

https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=ZJS5I9VhkFc
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
• A person or group is connected to
or has a vested interest in the
issue being discussed.
• Ex.
• “ As the daughter of the accused, I believe I
have the right to express my opinion on
the issue of his alleged corrupt practices.”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLKGVB3PNqw
CULTURAL BIAS
• Analyzing an event or issue based
on one’s cultural standards.
• Ex.
• “ I do not agree with this western practice
of placing aged parents in retirement
homes. We Filipinos take care of our family
members.”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F7ZVlltj
M8s
Project Requirement –
for 50points
• Students will be tasked to research on news articles, any idea
or claim that is currently circulating in media and on the
internet.
• Format:
• A. Screen shot of the news articles, idea or claim in mass
media. Give at least 1.
• B. Identify which statements are truthful and which are not.
• C. Analyze the validity of truth of this idea by applying the
theories of knowledge and the concepts of fallacy and bias.

• Write this in a word format (long) and save it in a pdf file.


THE END

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