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Fire Detection System

Fire detection systems use electronic sensors to quickly detect signs of fire such as smoke, heat, or flames. This allows them to alert personnel before extensive damage occurs. There are several common types of detectors that sense different fire indicators including smoke detectors, heat detectors, and flame detectors. Smoke detectors detect smoke particles using ionization or photoelectric methods. Heat detectors react to temperature increases. Flame detectors look for specific light wavelengths emitted by fire. The fire alarm system at the refinery uses these various detectors connected through detection loops to multiple alarm panels that form a redundant networked system to rapidly identify fire locations.

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105 views38 pages

Fire Detection System

Fire detection systems use electronic sensors to quickly detect signs of fire such as smoke, heat, or flames. This allows them to alert personnel before extensive damage occurs. There are several common types of detectors that sense different fire indicators including smoke detectors, heat detectors, and flame detectors. Smoke detectors detect smoke particles using ionization or photoelectric methods. Heat detectors react to temperature increases. Flame detectors look for specific light wavelengths emitted by fire. The fire alarm system at the refinery uses these various detectors connected through detection loops to multiple alarm panels that form a redundant networked system to rapidly identify fire locations.

Uploaded by

khalid najjar
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FIRE DETECTION

SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION TO
FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM

Fire detection system can significantly reduce property


damage, personal injuries, and loss of life from fire in the
workplace. Their main function is to quickly identify a
developing fire and alert fire personnel before extensive
damage occurs. Fire detection systems does this by using
electronic sensors to detect the smoke, heat, or flames from
a fire and providing an early warning.
HOW DO FIRE DETECTORS
WORKS?
Fire detectors work by sensing one or more
products of fire. The three most common
detectors are:

• Gases

• Smoke Detector

• Flame Detector

• Heat Detector
SMOKE DETECTORS
Smoke detectors detects smoke particles from combustion.
The two main types are Ionization detectors and
Photoelectric detectors.

IONIZATION DETECTOR
The ionization detector contains a small
radioactive source that is used to charge
the air inside a small chamber. The charged
air allows a small current to cross through
the chamber and complete an electrical
circuit.
When smoke enters the chamber, it
shields the radiation, which stops the
current and triggers an alarm.
These detectors respond quickly to very
small smoke particles (even those
invisible to the naked eye) from flaming
or very hot fires, but may respond very
slowly to the dense smoke associated
with smoldering or low-temperature fires.
• PHOTOELECTRIC DETECTOR
In a photoelectric smoke detector, a light source and light
sensor are arranged so that the rays from the light source do
not hit the light sensor. When smoke particles enter the light
path, some of the light is scattered and redirected onto the
sensor, causing the detector to activate an alarm. These
detectors react quickly to visible smoke particles from
smoldering fires, but are less sensitive to the smaller
particles associated with flaming or very hot fires.
HEAT DETECTOR

Heat detectors are normally used in


environments where dense smoke is
produced. Heat detectors may be less
sensitive, but are more appropriate than a
smoke detector in these environments.
The most common heat detectors either
react to a broad temperature change or a
predetermined fixed temperature.
Heat detectors use a set of
temperature-sensitive resistors called
thermistors that decrease in resistance
as the temperature rises. One
thermistor is sealed and protected from
the surrounding temperature while the
other is exposed. A sharp increase in
temperature reduces the resistance in
the exposed thermistor, which allows a
large current to activate the detector's
alarm.
FLAME DETECTOR

Flame detectors are line-of-sight devices

that look for specific types of light

(infrared, visible, ultraviolet) emitted by

flames during combustion. When the

detector recognizes this light from a fire,

it sends a signal to activate an alarm.


HYDROCARBON DETECTORS

There are two types of Hydrocarbon


Detectors.

Infrared Open Path Hydrocarbon


Detector.

Catalytic Hydrocarbon Detector.


OPEN PATH INFRARED HYDROCARBON GAS
DETECTORS
Model: SEARCHLINE EXCEL
Manufacturer: ZELLWEGER ANALYTICS
LIMITED.
An open path hydrocarbon gas detection system transmits an
infrared beam from a source to a receiver unit up to 200m.
These detectors are calibrated on methane

Alarm Settings:
1. “HIGH” at 1% of hydrocarbon concentration
2. “HIGH HIGH” at 2.5 % of hydrocarbon concentration
3. “FAULT” If a person or any object placed between the
source and receiver (blocking the infrared beam) for
30 sec. it gives the fault indication, until the hindrance is
present.
IN MCR:

There are total 35 Nos. Open path infrared


hydrocarbon detectors are installed.

31 Nos. in process area.

04 Nos. at LPG product tanks.


SOURCE AND RECEIVER OF SEARCHLINE
EXCEL WITH INFRARED BEEM
CATALYTIC HYDROCARBON DETECTORS

Manufacturer: Zellweger Analytics Limited


Model: 780 SENSOR (SIEGER)
Type: High Temperature Sensor

The 780 high temp. sensor, is a hazardous area certified sensor


for detection of combustible gases.
Detection is via a single pair of catalytic beads, which
provide reliable and stable monitoring.
ALARM SETTINGS:
1. “HIGH” at 20 % of hydrocarbon concentration
2. “HIGH HIGH” at 50 % of hydrocarbon concentration
IN MCR:

Total 11 Nos. Catalytic hydrocarbon detectors are installed at


following locations.
02 Nos. CR-1at air intake & outlet of HVAC
01 No. Analyzer house in area 400 connected to the CR-1
02 Nos. CR-3 at air intake & outlet of HVAC
01 No. Analyzer house in CR-3
03 Nos. Truck loading at Gasoline Filling Points
01 No. LPG Loading.
01 No. LPG pumps at product storage tanks.
FLAME DETECTOR (UV / IR)

Manufacturer: SHARP EYE


Model: 99-105l

DESCRIPTION:

It is designed to sense the occurrence of fire and flames


and subsequently activate an alarm through a control
circuit.
It uses advance digital signal processing to analyze the
dynamic characteristics of fire.
TECHNICAL FEATURES:
Detection range Up to 15m (50ft).
Dual spectrum UV and IR radiation
Multiple detection levels Warning, Alarm and Saturated Signal
Solar blind

THE SENSING ELEMENTS:


The UV channel incorporates a special logic circuit that
eliminates false alarms caused by solar radiation and other
non-fire UV source.
IN MCR:

Total 35 Nos. of flame detectors are installed.


24 Nos. installed in Process Area
06 Nos. installed at LPG Product Tanks
03 Nos. installed at Truck Loading
01 No. installed at LPG Loading
01 No. At pig receiver
HIGH SENSITIVE SMOKE DETECTORS (HSSD)

MANUFECTURER: KIDDE FIRE PROTECTION


MODEL: UNILASER 1000

IN MCR
This detection system is provided in
CR-1 Under the floor & false ceiling
CR-2 Under the floor
CR-3 Under the floor
CR-4 Under the floor
FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
MAKE : SIEMENS CERBERUS

PANELS : 17
LMS(LOCAL : 02
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
SYNOPTIC PANELS : 17
MAIN SYNOPTIC PANEL : 01
INDUSTRIAL PLC : 01
(MF7033)
COMMUNICATION : 02
GAEWAYS
FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

• The fire alarm system of our refinery consists


of 17 Fire Alarm Panels located in different
buildings including control rooms, substations
and other NON–EPC buildings.
FAS - NETWORK
1. The network of the fire alarm system is
Cerloop. This is a communication network
based on ring topology with unidirectional
communication under normal conditions.
Bus systems

• I-Bus
– internal data bus between individual modules in the control
unit (line modules, control modules etc.)
• C-Bus
– local data bus between control unit(s), control console(s)
and Gateway(s)
• D-Bus (or collective detection line)
– local detector bus; connects the detectors to the control
unit
• LON-Bus
– local data bus for text display and control terminals, mimic
display converter and LON I/O card
• Data Bus
– local data bus for parallel indicator panel, synoptic panel
FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
NETWORK LOOP
FAS – NETWORK NODES

EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION QTY


Fire Alarm Panels 17
MM 8000 02
Danger Management System 01
Industrial Plc (MF7033)
FAS – DCS Communication Gateways 02
FAS – NETWORK RELIABILITY
• It is a redundant system in a sense that if network
breaks at some location then communication becomes
bi-directional. In this case network works on bus
topology and communication remains intact.
• However if network breaks on two locations then
only those nodes that are between the breaks will be
out of network. Rest of the network will remain
healthy.
X

X
FAS – DETECTORS LOOP

• Like Cerloop the Detector loop is also a


communication loop and is based on ring
topology. Its reliability is same as discussed
for Cerloop.
D - LOOP ELEMENTS

• Smoke & Heat Detectors


• Manual Call Points
• UV/IR Flame Detectors
• I/O Cards (FM200,HSSD & HVAC SYSTEM)
FAS – FIRE DETECTORS
• Inside buildings there are ‘smoke and heat
detectors’ installed which are intelligent devices.
These are connected through Detector bus which has
same characteristics like CERLOOP.
• The areas most susceptible to fire like installation of
motors etc. are covered by ‘UV/IR’ flame detectors.
• ‘High sensitivity smoke detectors’ are installed in
locations where extensive cabling is present like
under floor and above ceiling of control rooms.
FAS – LOGICAL DIVISION

• Area ZONE

• Section SECTION

• Zone AREA

• Element
ZONE 'manual call point'

• Geographical/logical combination of
manual call point elements.
• Alarm decision depends on 1 element.
• One evaluation stage:
– ALARM (-> no stage WARNING)
FAS – MANUAL CALL POINTS
• In open areas (like tankage and refinery gates) where
installation of heat and smoke detectors are not
possible, there manual call points MAC are installed.
Any person seeing fire in its surroundings can call
fire personnel by operating these call points.
THANK YOU

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