CHAPTER ME-213

1 MECHANICS OF SOLID - I
Introduction –
Concept of Stress

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Contents

Concept of Stress Bearing Stress in Connections

Review of Statics Stress Analysis & Design Example
Structure Free-Body Diagram Rod & Boom Normal Stresses
Component Free-Body Diagram Pin Shearing Stresses
Method of Joints Pin Bearing Stresses
Stress Analysis Stress in Two Force Members
Design Stress on an Oblique Plane
Axial Loading: Normal Stress Maximum Stresses
Centric & Eccentric Loading Stress Under General Loadings
Shearing Stress State of Stress
Shearing Stress Examples Factor of Safety
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Concept of Stress

• The main objective of the study of mechanics of solids is to provide the

future engineer with the means of analyzing and designing various
machines and load bearing structures.

• Both the analysis and design of a given structure involve the determination
of stresses and deformations. This chapter is devoted to the concept of
stress.

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Review of Statics

• The structure is designed to support a 30 kN

load
• The structure consists of a boom and rod
joined by pins (zero moment connections) at
the junctions and supports

• Perform a static analysis to determine the

internal force in each structural member and
the reaction forces at the supports

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Structure Free-Body Diagram

• Structure is detached from supports and the loads and

reaction forces are indicated
• Conditions for static equilibrium:
 M C  0  Ax  0.6 m    30 kN  0.8 m 
Ax  40 kN
 Fx  0  Ax  C x
C x   Ax  40 kN
 Fy  0  Ay  C y  30 kN  0
Ay  C y  30 kN

• Ay and Cy can not be determined from these equations

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Component Free-Body Diagram
• In addition to the complete structure, each component
must satisfy the conditions for static equilibrium

• Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:

 M B  0   Ay  0.8 m 
Ay  0
substitute into the structure equilibrium equation
C y  30 kN

• Results:
A  40 kN  C x  40 kN  C y  30 kN 

Reaction forces are directed along boom and rod

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Method of Joints
• The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e., the members are
subjected to only two forces which are applied at member ends

• For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to to an axis between the

force application points, equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions

• Joints must satisfy the conditions for static equilibrium which may be
expressed in the form of a force triangle:

 B 0
F
FAB FBC 30 kN
 
4 5 3
FAB  40 kN FBC  50 kN

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Stress Analysis
Can the structure safely support the 30 kN
load?
• From a statics analysis
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)

• At any section through member BC, the

internal force is 50 kN with a force intensity
or stress of
dBC = 20 mm P 50  103 N
 BC    159 MPa
A 314  10-6 m 2

• From the material properties for steel, the

allowable stress is
 all  165 MPa
• Conclusion: the strength of member BC is
adequate

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Design
• Design of new structures requires selection of
appropriate materials and component dimensions
to meet performance requirements
• For reasons based on cost, weight, availability,
etc., the choice is made to construct the rod from
aluminum all= 100 MPa) What is an
appropriate choice for the rod diameter?
P P 50  103 N
 all  A   500 10 6 m 2
A  all 100  106 Pa
d2
A
4

d
4A


4 500 10 6 m 2 
 2.52  10 2 m  25.2 mm
 

• An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter is

adequate
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Axial Loading: Normal Stress
• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• The force intensity on that section is defined as

the normal stress.
F P
  lim  ave 
A0 A A

• The normal stress at a particular point may not be

equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
P   ave A   dF    dA
A

• The detailed distribution of stress is statically

indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
alone.

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Centric & Eccentric Loading
• A uniform distribution of stress in a section
infers that the line of action for the resultant of
the internal forces passes through the centroid
of the section.

• A uniform distribution of stress is only

possible if the concentrated loads on the end
sections of two-force members are applied at
the section centroids. This is referred to as
centric loading.

• If a two-force member is eccentrically

loaded, then the resultant of the stress
distribution in a section must yield an axial
force and a moment.

• The stress distributions in eccentrically loaded

members cannot be uniform or symmetric.
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Shearing Stress
• Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the
member AB.
• Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
of section C and are called shearing forces.
• The resultant of the internal shear force
distribution is defined as the shear of the section
and is equal to the load P.
• The corresponding average shear stress is,
P
 ave 
A
• Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the
member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
• The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to
be uniform.
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Shearing Stress Examples
Single Shear Double Shear

P F P F
 ave    ave  
A A A 2A

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Bearing Stress in Connections

• Bolts, rivets, and pins create

stresses on the points of
contact or bearing surfaces of
the members they connect.

• The resultant of the force

distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the force
exerted on the pin.

• Corresponding average force

intensity is called the bearing
stress,
P P
b  
A td

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Stress Analysis & Design Example

• Would like to determine the

stresses in the members and
connections of the structure
shown.

• From a statics analysis:

FAB = 40 kN (compression)

FBC = 50 kN (tension)
• Must consider maximum
normal stresses in AB and
BC, and the shearing stress
and bearing stress at each
pinned connection

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Rod & Boom Normal Stresses
• The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50 kN.

• At the rod center, the average normal stress in the

circular cross-section (A = 314x10-6m2) is BC = +159
MPa.
• At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross-sectional
area occurs at the pin centerline,
A   20 mm  40 mm  25 mm   300 10 6 m 2

P 50  103 N
 BC ,end    167 MPa
A 300 10 6 m 2

• The boom is in compression with an axial force of 40

kN and average normal stress of –26.7 MPa.

• The minimum area sections at the boom ends are

unstressed since the boom is in compression.

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Pin Shearing Stresses
• The cross-sectional area for pins at A, B,
and C,
2
2  25 mm  6 2
A  r     491 10 m
 2 

• The force on the pin at C is equal to the

force exerted by the rod BC,
P 50  103 N
 C , ave    6 2
 102 MPa
A 49110 m

• The pin at A is in double shear with a

total force equal to the force exerted by
the boom AB,
P 20 kN
 A, ave    40.7 MPa
A 49110 6 m 2

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Pin Shearing Stresses
• Divide the pin at B into sections to determine
the section with the largest shear force,
PE  15 kN
PG  25 kN (largest)

• Evaluate the corresponding average

shearing stress,
PG 25 kN
 B, ave    50.9 MPa
A 49110 6 m 2

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Pin Bearing Stresses

• To determine the bearing stress at A in the boom AB,

we have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm,
P 40 kN
b    53.3 MPa
td  30 mm 25 mm 

• To determine the bearing stress at A in the bracket,

we have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm and d = 25 mm,
P 40 kN
b    32.0 MPa
td  50 mm  25 mm 

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Suggested Problems

1.1, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 1.9, 1.11, 1.14,

1.17, 1.18, 1.21, 1.22, 1.23, 1.25,
1.27, 1.28

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Stress in Two Force Members

• Axial forces on a two force

member result in only normal
stresses on a plane cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• Transverse forces on bolts and

pins result in only shear stresses
on the plane perpendicular to bolt
or pin axis.

• Will show that either axial or

transverse forces may produce both
normal and shear stresses with respect
to a plane other than one cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

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Stress on an Oblique Plane
• Pass a section through the member forming
an angle with the normal plane.

• From equilibrium conditions, the

distributed forces (stresses) on the plane
must be equivalent to the force P.

• Resolve P into components normal and

tangential to the oblique section,
F  P cos V  P sin 

• The average normal and shear stresses on

the oblique plane are
F P cos P
   cos 2 
A A0 A0
cos
V P sin  P
   sin  cos
A A0 A0
cos
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Maximum Stresses
• Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique
plane
P P
  cos 2   sin  cos
A0 A0

• The maximum normal stress occurs when the

reference plane is perpendicular to the member
axis,
P
m    0
A0

• The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at

+ 45o with respect to the axis,
P P
m  sin 45 cos 45   
A0 2 A0

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Stress Under General Loadings
• A member subjected to a general
combination of loads is cut into
two segments by a plane passing
through Q

• The distribution of internal stress

components may be defined as,
F x
 x  lim
A0 A

V yx Vzx
 xy  lim  xz  lim
A0 A A0 A

• For equilibrium, an equal and

opposite internal force and stress
distribution must be exerted on
the other segment of the member.
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State of Stress
• Stress components are defined for the planes
cut parallel to the x, y and z axes. For
equilibrium, equal and opposite stresses are
exerted on the hidden planes.
• The combination of forces generated by the
stresses must satisfy the conditions for
equilibrium:
 Fx   Fy   Fz  0
Mx  M y  Mz  0
• Consider the moments about the z axis:
 M z  0   xy A a   yx A a
 xy   yx
similarly,  yz   zy and  yz   zy

• It follows that only 6 components of stress

are required to define the complete state of
stress
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Factor of Safety

Structural members or machines Factor of safety considerations:

must be designed such that the • uncertainty in material properties
working stresses are less than the • uncertainty of loadings
ultimate strength of the material. • uncertainty of analyses
• number of loading cycles
FS  Factor of safety
• types of failure
u ultimate stress
FS   • maintenance requirements and
 all allowable stress
deterioration effects
• importance of member to structures
integrity
• risk to life and property
• influence on machine function

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Suggested Problems

Chapter 1
1.29, 1.31, 1.32, 1.34, 1.36, 1.37,
1.39, 1.40, 1.42, 1.43, 1.45, 1.49,
1.53

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