Calculus 2

INTEGRAL
CALCULUS
Methods of Integration
The purpose of these methods is to evaluate the integrals
which cannot be done directly by standard formulas. Such
methods involve the various techniques of transforming the
expression to be integrated into a form which can be
evaluated by standard formula.
Product of Sines and Cosines
Trigonometric integrals are those whose integrands involve trigonometric functions.

∫ sin𝑢cos 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
 
∫ cos𝑢cos 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
 
∫ sin𝑢sin 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
 

Where u and v are differentiable functions of x and u ≠ v. The above integrals can be evaluated with the aid of the
following trigonometric identity formulas respectively.

2  sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣 =sin ( 𝑢+𝑣 ) +sin ( 𝑢 − 𝑣 )

2  cos 𝑢 cos 𝑣 =cos ( 𝑢+ 𝑣 )+cos ( 𝑢− 𝑣 )
2  sin 𝑢 sin 𝑣 =cos ( 𝑢 − 𝑣 ) − cos ( 𝑢+𝑣 )
Taking the integrals of the product of sines and cosines, that is

∫ 2sin𝑢cos 𝑣𝑑𝑥=∫ [ sin ( 𝑢+𝑣 ) +sin ( 𝑢−𝑣 ) ] 𝑑𝑥

 

∫ 2cos𝑢cos 𝑣 𝑑𝑥=∫ [ cos ( 𝑢+𝑣 ) +cos (𝑢−𝑣 ) ] 𝑑𝑥

 

∫ 2sin𝑢sin 𝑣𝑑𝑥=∫ [ cos ( 𝑢−𝑣 ) −cos (𝑢+𝑣 ) ] 𝑑𝑥

 
Product of Sines and Cosines

Examples: Evaluate the following.

Show Solution 1.∫ 4cos8 𝑥cos6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

 

Show Solution 2.∫ 3sin6 𝑥 cos3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

 

2 2
Show Solution 3.∫ 2 𝑥sin3 𝑥 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 

Show Solution 4 .∫ sin7 𝑥 sin3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

 

Show Solution
5.∫ sin (3 𝑥−2 ) cos ( 𝑥+1 ) 𝑑𝑥
 

NEXT
Product of Sines and Cosines

1.∫ 4cos8 𝑥cos6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

 

The integrand shows the product of two cosines with u = 8x and v = 6x.

Note that 2  cos 𝑢 cos 𝑣 =cos ( 𝑢+ 𝑣 )+cos ( 𝑢− 𝑣 )

4
then 4  cos 8 𝑥 cos 6 𝑥= [ cos ( 8 𝑥+ 6 𝑥 ) +cos ( 8 𝑥 − 6 𝑥 ) ]
2
4  cos 8 𝑥 cos 6 𝑥=2 [ cos ( 14 𝑥 ) +cos ( 2 𝑥 ) ]
Hence,
∫ 4cos8 𝑥cos6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥=∫ 2 [ cos ( 14 𝑥 ) +cos ( 2 𝑥) ] 𝑑𝑥
 

¿2∫ [cos ( 14 𝑥 ) +cos ( 2 𝑥 ) ] 𝑑𝑥

 

1   1
¿ 2 ( sin 14 𝑥 + sin 2 𝑥 ) +𝐶
14 2
𝟏
¿  𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟏𝟒 𝒙+ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 𝒙 +𝑪
𝟕
Product of Sines and Cosines

2.∫ 3sin6 𝑥 cos3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

 

The integrand shows the product of sine and cosines with u = 6x and v = 3x.
Note that 2  sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣 =sin ( 𝑢+ 𝑣 ) +sin ( 𝑢 − 𝑣 )
 3 sin 6 𝑥 cos 3 𝑥= 3 [ sin ( 6 𝑥 +3 𝑥 ) +sin ( 6 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 ) ]
then 2
 3 sin 6 𝑥 cos 3 𝑥= 3 [ sin ( 9 𝑥 ) +sin ( 3 𝑥 ) ]
2
  3
Hence, ∫ 3 cos 6 𝑥 cos 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥=∫ 2 [ sin ( 9 𝑥 ) +sin ( 3 𝑥 ) ] 𝑑𝑥
  3
¿ ∫ [ sin ( 9 𝑥 ) +sin ( 3 𝑥 ) ] 𝑑𝑥
2
  3 1 1
(
¿ − cos 9 𝑥 − cos 3 𝑥 +𝐶
2 9 3 )
𝟏 𝟏
¿  − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟗 𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑 𝒙+𝑪
𝟔 𝟐
Product of Sines and Cosines

3.  ∫ 2 𝑥sin3 𝑥 2 sin2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

The integrand shows the product of two sines with u = 3x2 and v = 2x2.

Note that 2  sin 𝑢 sin 𝑣 =cos ( 𝑢 − 𝑣 ) − cos ( 𝑢+𝑣 )

2 2 2 2 2 2
then 2  𝑥 sin 3 𝑥 sin 3 𝑥 =𝑥 [ cos ( 3 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 ) − cos ( 3 𝑥 +2 𝑥 ) ]
2 2 2 2
2  𝑥 sin 3 𝑥 sin 2 𝑥 =𝑥 [ cos ( 𝑥 ) − cos ( 5 𝑥 ) ]
Hence,
2 2 2 2
∫ 2 𝑥sin3 𝑥 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥=∫ 𝑥 [ cos 𝑥 −cos 5 𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥
 
( ) (
2 2
¿∫ 𝑥cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −∫ 𝑥cos 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 

𝟏 𝟏
¿ 
𝟐 𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟓 𝒙 +𝑪
𝟐 𝟏𝟎
Product of Sines and Cosines

4 .∫ sin7 𝑥 sin3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 

The integrand shows the product of two sines with u = 7x and v = 3x.

Note that 2  sin 𝑢 sin 𝑣 =cos ( 𝑢 − 𝑣 ) − cos ( 𝑢+𝑣 )

then   7 𝑥 sin 3 𝑥= 1
sin [ cos ( 7 x − 3 𝑥 ) −cos ( 7 x +3 x ) ]
2
  1
sin 7 𝑥 sin 3 𝑥= [ cos 4 𝑥 −cos 10 x   ]
2
Hence,   1
∫ sin 7 𝑥 sin 3 𝑥 𝑑 x= 2 ∫ cos4 𝑥 −cos10 x 𝑑𝑥
  1
¿ (∫ cos 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 −∫ cos 10 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 )
2
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟒 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟏𝟎 𝒙
¿  − +𝑪
𝟖 𝟐𝟎
Product of Sines and Cosines

5.∫ sin (3 𝑥−2 ) cos ( 𝑥+1 ) 𝑑𝑥

 

The integrand shows the product of sine and cosine with u = 3x – 2 and v = x + 1.

Note that 2  sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣 =sin ( 𝑢+ 𝑣 ) +sin ( 𝑢 − 𝑣 )

  ( 3 𝑥 −2 ) cos ( 𝑥 +1 )= 1
then sin
2
{ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ (3 𝑥 − 2 ) + ( 𝑥+1 ) ] + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ ( 3 𝑥 −2 ) − ( 𝑥 +1 ) ] }
 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 𝑥 −2 ) cos ( 𝑥 +1 )= 1 [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 4 𝑥 −1 ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 𝑥 − 3 ) ]
2
Hence,   1
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 𝑥− 2 ) cos ( 𝑥+1 ) = 2 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 4 𝑥 −1 ) +𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 𝑥 −3 ) dx
1 1 1
¿ 
2 [
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 4 𝑥 − 1 ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 𝑥 −3 ) +𝐶
4 2 ]
𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( 𝟒 𝒙 −𝟏 ) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( 𝟐 𝒙 −𝟑 )
¿  − − +𝑪
𝟖 𝟒
Powers of Sines and Cosines
Integrating a trigonometric integral of the form 𝑚 𝑛
∫
 
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑑𝑥
where v is differentiable function of x and m, n, are   𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
real numbers. If m = n = 1 or m = 1, n ≠ 1 or m ≠ 1, ∫ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥= 2 +𝐶
n = 1, the integral can easily be evaluated by the
  3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥
method of substitution. For example, ∫ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥=− 4 +𝐶
  4 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥
∫ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥= 5 +𝐶
If m, n ≠ 1, consider the following cases:
Case I: When m is a positive odd integer and n is any
number,   𝑚 𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑣 =( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑚 − 1 𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑣 ) sin 𝑣
𝑠𝑖𝑛
Since m is odd, then m – 1 is even and therefore,
  2 𝑣 =1− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑣
𝑠𝑖𝑛
use the trigonometric identity
To
  express in terms of the powers of cos v. Then
the given integral is reduced to the form ∫ ( 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑓 cos 𝑣 ) sin 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
 

Which can be evaluated by letting u = cos v.

Powers of Sines and Cosines
𝑚
Case II: When m is any number and n is a positive odd 𝑠𝑖𝑛
  𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑣 =( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 −1 𝑣 ) cos 𝑣
2
use the trigonometric identity 𝑐𝑜𝑠
  𝑣=1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑣
Then the given integral is reduced to the form
∫ ( 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑓 sin 𝑣 ) cos 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
 

Which can be evaluated by letting u = sin v.

𝑚 𝑛
Note: If m and n are both positive odd integer, then ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛
 
𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑑𝑥
Can be evaluated by the method used in Case I or in Case II.

Case III: When m and n are both even integers (either  𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑚 𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑣 =¿
both positive or one positive and one zero),
  2 𝑣 = 1 −cos 2 𝑣 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑣= 1+cos 2 𝑣
𝑠𝑖𝑛
then use one or both of the trigonometric 2 2
identities:
To reduce the given integral into a form which is
integrable, used the above identities repeatedly
when m or n or both are greater than 2.
 Powers of Sines and Cosines
Examples: Evaluate indefinite integral of the following.

3 2
Show Solution 1.∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 

2 3
Show Solution 2.∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 

4
Show Solution
3.∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝑥𝑑𝑥
 

7 3
Show Solution
4 .∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥
 

3
Show Solution
5.∫ sin 2𝑥 √cos2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 

BACK NEXT
Powers of Sines and Cosine

3 2 2 2
1.∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 
¿∫ ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 ) sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 

2 2
with m = odd and n is any number
¿∫ ( 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 sin2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 
use Case I
2 4
¿∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 ) sin2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 
(
Let: u = cos 2x

𝑑𝑢=−2
  sin 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
¿  − ∫ ( 𝑢2 −𝑢4 ) 𝑑𝑢
2
3 5
  1 𝑢 𝑢
¿− −
2 3 5( +𝐶 )
  𝑢3 𝑢 5
¿− + +𝐶
6 10

  𝒄𝒐𝒔 3 2 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔5 2 𝒙
¿− + +𝑪
6 10
Powers of Sines and Cosines

2.  ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠3 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2

¿∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 ) cos3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 
(
2 2
with m any number and n = odd
use Case II
¿∫ 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 𝑐𝑜 s3 𝑥𝑑𝑥
 
( )
2 4
¿∫ ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 
Let: u = sin 3x
𝑑𝑢=3
  cos3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥  ¿ 1 ( 𝑢2 − 𝑢4 ) 𝑑𝑢
3
∫
3 5
  1 𝑢 𝑢
¿ −
3 3 5( +𝐶 )
3
  𝑢 𝑢5
¿ − +𝐶
9 15
3 5
 ¿ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 3 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 3 𝒙 +𝑪
9 15
Powers of Sines and Cosines

4 2 2
3.∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝑥𝑑𝑥
   
¿∫ ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
  1− cos 10 𝑥 2
with m = 4 and n = 0
use Case III
¿∫ ( 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2
  1− 2 cos 10 𝑥 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 10 𝑥
¿∫ ( 4
𝑑𝑥 )
1
¿ 
2
∫ ( 1 − 2cos10 𝑥 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 10 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
4
1 1+ cos 20 𝑥
¿  ∫ 1 −2 cos 10 𝑥+
( )
𝑑𝑥
4 2
1 3 cos 20 𝑥
¿  ∫ −2 cos 10 𝑥+
( )𝑑𝑥
4 2 2
 ¿ 3 1 1
𝑑𝑥 − ∫ cos10 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ cos20 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8∫ 2 8
3 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 10 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 20 𝒙
¿  − + +𝑪
8 20 160
 Powers of Sines and Cosines

7 3
4.∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 
Since m and n are both positive odd, Case I and Case II can be used.

Using Case I:
Usi
7 3 6 3
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥=∫ sin 𝑥sin 𝑥cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 
7 ng Case
3 2 7
2 3
¿∫ ( sin 𝑥 ) sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥
  3 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥=∫ cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 
II:
2 7
2 3
¿∫ 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥
  ( ) 3 ¿∫ 1−sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(  
)
7 9
6 ❑
¿∫ 1− 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥+3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ) sin 𝑥 cos3 𝑥𝑑𝑥
  ( 2 4
¿∫ sin 𝑥−sin 𝑥 ) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(  

3 5 7 9 Let: u = sin x
¿∫ ( cos 𝑥−3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥+3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ) sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 
Let: u = cos x
𝑑𝑢=−sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3 5 7 9
  dx
¿∫ ( 𝑢7 −𝑢9 ) 𝑑 𝑢
 
  ¿−∫ 𝑢 −3𝑢 +3𝑢 −𝑢 ) 𝑑 𝑢
  ( 8 10
 ¿ 𝑢 − 𝑢 +𝐶
4 6 8 10
𝑢 𝑢
¿  − + −
3𝑢 𝑢
+ +𝐶
8 10
4 2 8 10 8 10
 ¿ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 +𝑪
  𝐜𝐨𝐬 4 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬6 𝒙 3 𝐜𝐨𝐬8 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬10 𝒙 8 10
¿− + − + +𝑪
4 2 8 10
Powers of Sines and Cosines

3 2
5.∫ sin 2𝑥 √ cos2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 
¿∫ sin 2𝑥 √ cos2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
 

2
with m = odd and n is any number
¿∫ 1−cos 2𝑥 ) √ cos2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
 
(
use Case I
2
¿∫ (√ cos2 𝑥−cos 2 𝑥 √cos 2𝑥 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑑𝑥
 

1 5
 
( 2
¿∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 −cos 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 2 )
Let: u = cos 2x 1 5

𝑑𝑢=−2
  𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥   1
¿ − ∫ 𝑢 2 − 𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢
2
( )
3 7
 
¿−
1 𝑢2
2
𝑢2
( 3
2
3
−
7
2
7
) +𝐶

  𝑢2 𝑢2
¿− + +𝐶
3 7

  √ 𝐜𝐨𝐬7 2 𝒙 √ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 3 2 𝒙
¿ − +𝑪
7 3
Powers of Tangents and Secants
Consider the trigonometric integral of the form
𝑚 𝑛
∫ tan 𝑣 sec 𝑣𝑑𝑥
 

If m = n = 1, evaluate the integral by standard formula. If

m = any number and n = 2, evaluate the integral by
ordinary substitution.
3 2 2 2
For example, ∫ tan 𝑥sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ¿∫ tan 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥
   

2
  Let: 𝑑𝑢
  ¿ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
  3 2tan 4 𝑥
∫ tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥=¿ 4 +𝐶 ¿
If m and n ≠ 1, consider the following cases:

CASE I: When m is any number and n is a positive 𝑚 𝑛 𝑚 𝑛 −2 2

even integer greater than 2. tan
  𝑣 sec 𝑣 =( tan 𝑣 sec 𝑣 ) sec 𝑣

And then use the identity   2 𝑣 =1+tan 2 𝑣

sec
2
To reduce the given integral to the form
∫ ( 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑓 tan𝑣 ) sec 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
 
Powers of Tangents and Secants

𝑚 𝑛 𝑚 −1 𝑛 −1
CASE II: When m is a positive odd integer and n is any tan
  𝑣 sec 𝑣 =( tan 𝑣 sec 𝑣 ) sec 𝑣 tan 𝑣
number
And then use the   2 𝑣=sec 2 𝑣 −1
tan
identity

To reduce the given integral to the

form
∫ ( 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑓 sec 𝑣 ) sec 𝑣 tan 𝑣𝑑𝑥
 

CASE III: When m is a positive odd (or even) integer

and n is zero.   𝑚 𝑣=tan 𝑚 −2 𝑣 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑣
tan
And then use the identity
  2 𝑣=sec 2 𝑣 −1
tan
To reduce the given integral to an integrable form
 Powers of Tangents and Secants
Examples: Evaluate indefinite integral of the following.

3 4
1.∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥
 
Show Solution

Show Solution 2.  ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐5 2𝑥𝑑𝑥

3
Show Solution   3 2
3 .∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥
  𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥
Show Solution 4 .∫ 𝑑𝑥
√ sec 𝑥
2 4
Show Solution
5.∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
 

BACK NEXT
Powers of Tangents and Secants

3 4
1.∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥
  3 2 2
¿∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥
 

with m is any number and n is even

  3 2 2
use case I ¿∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ( 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥
3 5 2
¿∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ¿𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥
 
(
Let: u = tan x

3 5
¿∫ 𝑢 +𝑢 𝑑𝑢
  dx  

4
  𝑢𝑢6
¿ + +𝐶
4 6
4
  𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏6 𝒙
¿ + +𝑪
4 6
Powers of Tangents and Secants

3 5 2 4
2.∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
 
¿∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 sec 2𝑥 tan2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
 

with m = odd and n is any number

  2 4
use case II ¿∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 −1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 sec 2𝑥 tan2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
( )
  6 4
¿∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 −𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 ¿sec2 𝑥tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(
Let: u = sec 2x
  dx
 1 6 4
¿ ∫𝑢 −𝑢 𝑑 𝑢
2
7
  𝑢 𝑢5
¿ − +𝐶
14 1 0
7
  𝒔𝒆𝒄 2 𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄 5 𝟐 𝒙
¿ − +𝑪
14 10
Powers of Tangents and Secants

3 1
   
3
3.∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥 2 ¿∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2

with m = odd and n is any number   1

2 2
use case II ¿∫ ( 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 −1 ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
  5 1

  Let:
( 2 2
¿∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥− 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 )
  dx   5 1
2 2
¿∫ 𝑢 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
7 3
  2 𝒖2 2 𝒖2
¿ − +𝑪
7 3
7 3
  2 𝒔𝒆𝒄 2 𝒙 2 𝒔𝒆𝒄 2 𝒙
¿ − +𝑪
7 3
Powers of Tangents and Secants

3 3 3
  𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥  ¿∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥   2
−
2
4.∫ 𝑑𝑥 1

sec 2 𝑥
¿∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√ sec 𝑥 3
1   −
  −
3
¿∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 sec 2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ¿∫ ( 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 −1 ) sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

with m = odd and n is any number   1 3

use case II
(
¿∫ sec 𝑥 − sec 2
−
2 )
𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
  Let:
  dx   1 −3
2 2
¿∫ 𝑢 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 3
  2 𝒖2 −1
¿ + 2 𝒖 2 +𝑪
3
3 −1
  2
¿ 𝒔𝒆𝒄 2 𝒙+2 𝒔𝒆𝒄 2
𝒙 +𝑪
3
Powers of Tangents and Secants

2 4
5.∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
 
2 2 2
¿∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
 

with m is any number and n is even   2 2 2

use case I ¿∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥 ( 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥 ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
  2 4 2
Let: u = tan 2x
¿∫ ( 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥 ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
  dx
 1 2 4
¿ ∫ 𝑢 +𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2
3
  𝑢 𝑢5
¿ + +𝐶
6 10
3
  𝒕𝒂𝒏 2 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 5 2 𝒙
¿ + +𝑪
6 10
Powers of Cotangents and Cosecant
𝑚 𝑛
The technique involved in evaluating the integral
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑣 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑣𝑑𝑥
 

Where v is a differentiable function of x, is similar to that for evaluating the integral of powers
of tangents and secants.

Examples: Evaluate indefinite integral of the following.

4 4
Show Solution 1.∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥
 

5
Show Solution
2.∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 

4
3.∫ √cot3𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 3𝑥𝑑𝑥
Show Solution
 

  2 2
Show Solution
4 .∫ ( 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥−1 ) 𝑑𝑥
Powers of Cotangents and Cosecant

4 4 4 2 2
1.∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥
 
¿∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥
 

  4 2 2
¿∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 ( 1+𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 ) 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥
  4 6 2
¿∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥
( )
Let: u = cot x
4 6
¿−∫ 𝑢 +𝑢 𝑑𝑢
  dx  

  𝑢5 𝑢7
¿− − +𝐶
5 7

  𝒄𝒐𝒕 5 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕 7 𝒙
¿− − +𝑪
5 7
Powers of Cotangents and Cosecant

5 2 2 2 2
2.∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ¿∫ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑡 4 𝑥 ) cot 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ¿∫ ( 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 𝑥−1 ) cot 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥
     

4 2
¿∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 𝑥−2𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 𝑥+1 ) cot 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥
 
(
4 2
¿∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 𝑥cot4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥−2∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 𝑥 cot4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥+∫ cot 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥
 

2 2 2
¿∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 𝑥cot4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥−2∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 𝑥 cot4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥+∫ cot 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥
 
( )
2 2 2
¿∫ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑡 4 𝑥+1 ) 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 𝑥 cot 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 −2∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 𝑥cot 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥+∫ cot 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 

3 2 2 2
¿∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 4 𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥+∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 4 𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 −2∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 𝑥cot 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥+∫ cot4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 

3 2 2
¿∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 4 𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 −∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 𝑥 cot4 𝑥𝑑𝑥+∫ cot4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 

  𝒄𝒐𝒕 4 4 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕 2 4 𝒙 1
¿− + + 𝒍𝒏|𝒔𝒊𝒏 4 𝒙|+𝑪
16 8 4
Powers of Cotangents and Cosecant

1
4
3.∫ √cot3𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 3𝑥𝑑𝑥
    2 2
2
¿∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝑥 𝑐 𝑠𝑐 3 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
  2 2
2
¿∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝑥 ( 1+𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝑥 ) 𝑐𝑠𝑐 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥
  1 5
(
¿∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝑥+ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 2 )
Let: u = cot 3x
  dx
1 5
  1
¿ − ∫ 𝑢 2 +𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢
3 3 7
 
2𝑢 2 2𝑢 2
¿− − +𝐶
9 21
3 7
  2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 3 𝑥 2𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 3 𝑥
¿− − +𝐶
9 21
Powers of Cotangents and Cosecant

  2 2 4 2
4 .∫ ( 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥−1 ) 𝑑𝑥 ¿∫ ( 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥−2𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥+1 ) 𝑑𝑥
 

4 2
¿∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥−2∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥+∫ 𝑑𝑥
 

2 2 2
¿∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥−2∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥+∫ 𝑑𝑥
 

  2 2 2
¿∫ ( 1+𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 ) 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥−2∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥+∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2 2
¿∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥+∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥−2∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥+∫ 𝑑𝑥
 

2 2 2
¿∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥−∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥+∫ 𝑑𝑥
 

𝟑
 ¿ − 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙 + 𝒙+𝑪
𝟑
 Trigonometric Identities
Sum of two Angles

EQ. 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛
  ( 𝐴+ 𝐵 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 EQ. 3   cos
EQ. 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛
  ( 𝐴 − 𝐵 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 EQ. 4   cos

Add Equation 1 and 2: Add Equation 3 and 4:

𝑠𝑖𝑛
  ( 𝐴+ 𝐵 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠
  ( 𝐴 +𝐵 )=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
+𝑠𝑖𝑛
  ( 𝐴 − 𝐵 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 +𝑐𝑜𝑠
  ( 𝐴 − 𝐵 )= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 +𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬
  ( 𝑨 +𝑩 )+ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝑨 − 𝑩 ) =𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩
  ( 𝑨+ 𝑩 ) + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( 𝑨 − 𝑩 ) =𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩

Subtract Equation 1 and 2: Subtract Equation 3 and 4:

𝑠𝑖𝑛
  ( 𝐴+ 𝐵 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠
  ( 𝐴 +𝐵 )=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
−
  𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝐴 − 𝐵 )=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵  
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
  ( 𝐴 +𝐵 ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝐴 − 𝐵 ) =−2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
  ( 𝐴+ 𝐵 ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝐴 − 𝐵 )=2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
𝒄𝒐𝒔
  ( 𝑨 − 𝑩 ) − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( 𝑨+ 𝑩 ) =𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩
 Trigonometric Identities
Double Angles
Pythagorean

EQ. 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛
  2 𝐴 =2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 EQ. 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛
 
2
𝐴 =1− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
2 2
EQ. 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
  2 𝐴=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 EQ. 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠
 
2
𝐴=1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴

Substitute Equation 3 to 2: Substitute Equation 4 to 2:

2 2 2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠
  2 𝐴 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 − ( 1− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴   ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠
  2 𝐴 =( 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴   ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴
2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠
  2 𝐴=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 − 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
2   2 𝐴=1 −2 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠
  2 𝐴=2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 − 1
2 2  𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴=1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
2  𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴=𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴+1
  𝟐 𝑨= 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 𝑨+𝟏   𝟐 𝟏 −𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 𝑨  
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒔  𝒊𝒏 𝑨 =
𝟐 𝟐