Lecture 4

 Arithmetic operators
 Operators precedence
 Data Types Conversions
 Strings
 Math Library

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Basic Arithmetic Operators
 Addition + (5 + 2 = 7)
 Subtraction - (5 - 2 = 3)
 Multiplication * (5 * 2 = 10)
 Float Division / (5 / 2 = 2.5)
 Integer Division // (5 // 2 = 2) (floor division)
 Power ** (5 ** 2 = 25)
 Reminder % (5 % 2 = 1)

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Basic Arithmetic Operators

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Shortcut Operators
Operator Equivalent to
X += Y X= X+Y
X-=Y X= X-Y
X*= Y X= X*Y
X/= Y X= X/Y
X //= Y X = X // Y
X **= Y X = X ** Y
X%= Y X= X%Y

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 Python operators are listed in groups of decreasing
precedence in table (next slide).
 Operators with higher precedence bind more strongly

than those with lower precede.

E.g. x + y * z means x + (y * z) because the *
operator has higher precedence than the + operator.
 The associativity of an operator indicates whether it
groups left to right / right to left. All operators in Python
have left to right associativity except exponentiation,
which has right to left associativity.
E.g., the - operator binds left to right. Therefore, x - y - z
means (x - y) - z. But the ** operator binds right to left,
and x ** y ** z means x ** (y ** z).

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Operator Description
( ) Parenthesis
** Exponentiation
+, - Sign positive, sign negative
* Multiplication
/ Float Division
// Integer (floor) Division
% Floor remainder
+ Addition
- Subtraction
= Assignment

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 Sometimes it is necessary to convert a numerical value to
a string.
 For example, suppose you need to append a number to

the end of a string.

name = "Agent " + 1729
# Error: Can only concatenate strings
Because string concatenation can be performed between
two strings, we must first convert the number to a string.
name = "Agent " + str(1729)
 str function can also be used to convert a floating-point

value to a string

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 Similarity, use int ( ) to convert string to an integer
value
 Use float ( ) to convert string to a float value

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 Using type function: to know variable type

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 Many programs process text. Text consists of characters:
letters, numbers, punctuation, spaces, and so on.
 A string is a sequence of characters. For example, the

string "Hello" is a sequence of five characters.

 Examples:

print(“Hello”) String is “Hello”

greeting = “Hello” String is “Hello”
print(greeting) will print “Hello”
 We use double quotation marks “ ” around strings

because this is a common convention in many other

programming languages. However, interactive Python
interpreter displays strings with single quotation mark ‘ ‘

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 A string literal denotes a particular string (such as
"Hello“). In Python,
 String literals are specified by enclosing a sequence of
characters within a matching pair of either single or
double quotes.

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Length, concatenation and repetition:
Number of characters in a string is called the length of the
string. For example, the length of "Harry" is 5

 In Python, use + operator to concatenate two strings. For

example,

 You can produce a string that is the result of repeating a

string multiple times. For example, suppose you need to
print a dashed line. Instead of specifying a literal string
with 10 dashes, you can use the * operator to create a
string that is comprised of the string "-" repeated 10
times. For example

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 Length, concatenation and repetition:
What if you’d like the first and last name separated by a space?
name = firstName + " " + lastName
This statement concatenates three strings: firstName, the string
literal " ", and lastName.
The result is Harry Morgan
A string of any length can be repeated using the *
operator. For example, the statements
message = "Echo..."
print(message * 5)
The result is
Echo...Echo...Echo...Echo...Echo...

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 Access Characters within Strings
Strings are sequences of Unicode characters. You can
access the individual characters of a string based on their
position within the string. This position is called the
index of the character.
For example:

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 Strings Operations

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 Strings Methods
1. Object is a software entity that represents a value with certain
behavior. The value can be simple, such as a string, or complex, like
a graphical window or data file.
2. Behavior of an object is given through its methods where dot (.)
separates the object and method name.
3. A method, like a function, is a collection of programming
instructions that carry out a particular task. But unlike a function,
which is a standalone operation, a method can only be applied to an
object of the type for which it was defined.

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 Strings Methods
The value can be simple, such as a string, or complex, like a graphical
window or data file.

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 Character values and escape sequences
 Python provides two functions related to

character encodings:
 The ord function returns the number used to represent
a given character.
 The chr function returns the character associated with a
given code.
For example,

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Character values and escape sequences
When you need to include both single and double quotes in
a literal string.
For example, to include double quotes around the word
welcome in string “You’re Welcome”, precede quotation
marks with a backslash (\)

 Another common escape sequence is \n, which denotes a

newline character, causes start of a new line on display.

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 Python contains a standard library that can be used to
create powerful programs.
 A library is a collection of code that has been written and
translated by someone else, ready for you to use in your
program.
 A standard library is a library that is considered part of
the language and must be included with any Python
system.
 Python’s standard library is organized into modules.
Related functions and data types are grouped into the
same module.
 Functions defined in a module must be explicitly loaded
into your program before they can be used.

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 Python’s math module includes a number of
mathematical functions. To use any function
from this module, you must first import the
function.
 To include all functions defined in math, write

import math at the top of the python code.

 Or, to include certain function inside math (as

sqrt), write from math import sqrt

 To call sqrt function, write y = sqrt(x)

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Call function with exact number of argument

If calling abs(-10,2) or abs( ) ,it displays error message

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