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Gerund: Name: M.Rizky Yunus Class:Xi Analis 3

Gerunds can take various forms depending on whether they are active or passive voice. They behave grammatically as verbs but syntactically function as nouns. Examples show gerund clauses serving as subjects, objects, and complements. Gerunds are distinguished from present participles and pure verbal nouns. Specifying the subject of a gerund clause is sometimes needed for clarity. Certain verbs are often followed by gerund clauses.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
66 views26 pages

Gerund: Name: M.Rizky Yunus Class:Xi Analis 3

Gerunds can take various forms depending on whether they are active or passive voice. They behave grammatically as verbs but syntactically function as nouns. Examples show gerund clauses serving as subjects, objects, and complements. Gerunds are distinguished from present participles and pure verbal nouns. Specifying the subject of a gerund clause is sometimes needed for clarity. Certain verbs are often followed by gerund clauses.

Uploaded by

nua iretson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GERUND

NAME: M.RIZKY YUNUS


CLASS:XI ANALIS 3
Gerunds in English

Gerunds with a specified


Forms of Gerund
subject

Verb pattterns with the


Example for use gerund

Distinction from other uses Borrowings of english


of the –ing form gerunds in other languanges
Thank You
Gerunds in English

• In English,the gerund is one of the uses of the form of


the verb ending in –ing (for details of its information and
spelling,see english verbs).This same verb form has
other uses besides the gerund: it can serve as a present
participle (used adjectivally or adverbially),and as a pure
verbal noun.
• A gerund behaves as a verb within a clause (so that it
may be modified by an adverbor have an object).but the
resulting clause as a whole (sometimes consisting of
only one word,the gerund it self) function as a noun
within the larger sentences.
• For example,consider the sentence “Eating this cake is
easy.”Here the gerund is the verb eating,which takes an
object this cake. The entire clause eating this cake is
then used as a noun,which in this case serves as the
subject of the larger sentence.
• An item such as eating this cake in the foregoing
example of a non-finite verb phrase how ever,because
pharases of this type do not require a subject,it is also a
complete clause.(Traditionally such a item would be
reffered to as a phrase,but in modern linguistics it has
become common to call it a clause).A gerund clause such
as this in one of he types of non-finite clause.
Slide 2
Forms of Gerund

A Gerund has four forms- two for the Active Voice and
two for the Passive.

Loving /
Active Having Loved

Passive Being Loved /


Having been loved

Slide 2
Example for use

The following sentences illustrate some uses of gerund clauses,


showing how such a clause serves as a noun within the larger
sentence. In some cases the clause consists of just the gerund
(although in many such cases the word could equally be analyzed as a
pure verbal noun).
• Swimming is fun. (gerund as subject of the sentence)
• I like swimming. (gerund as direct object)
• I never gave swimming all that much effort. (gerund as indirect object)
• Eating biscuits in front of the television is one way to relax. (gerund
clause as subject)
• Do you fancy going out? (gerund clause as direct object)
• On being elected president, he moved with his family to the capital.
(gerund clause as complement of a preposition)
Using gerunds of the appropriate auxiliary verbs, one can form
gerund clauses that express perfect aspect and passive voice
:
• Being deceived can make someone feel angry. (passive)
• Having read the book once before makes me more
prepared. (perfect)
• He is ashamed of having been gambling all night. (
perfect progressive aspect)
For more detail on when it is appropriate to use a gerund, see
Verb patterns with the gerund below, and also
Uses of English verb forms: Gerund.

Slide 2
Distinction from other uses of the –
ing form
Gerunds are distinguished grammatically from other
uses of a verbs –ing form,the present participle (which is
a non finite verb form like a gerund,but is adjectival or
adverbial in function),and the pure verbal noun or
deverbal noun.
The distinction between gerund and present participle is
illustrated in the following sentences.
• John suggested asking Bill. (asking Bill is the object of
the verb.A noun,so asking is a gerund)
• I heard John asking Bill. (asking Bill is
adjectival,desdribing John,so asking is a participle)
The distinction between the gerund and the pure verbal
(deverbal) noun is that the gerund itself behaves as a
verb, forming a verb phrase which is then used as a
noun, whereas the pure noun does not in any way
behave grammatically as a verb.This is illustrated in the
following examples:
• I like playing football. (playing takes an object, so is a
gerund)
• Her playing of the Bach fugues was inspiring. (playing
takes a prepositional phrase rather than an object; not a
gerund)
For more details and examples of the distinctions Slide 2
introduced here, see -ing: uses
Gerunds with a specified subject

• A gerund cannot take a grammatical subject like a finite verb


does. (The -ing verb form can take a subject in
nominative absolute constructions such as The day being over,
..., but here it is a present participle rather than a gerund.)
Normally the subject of the gerund is considered unspecified,
or is understood to be the same as the subject of the main
clause:
• in a sentence like "Meg likes eating apricots", the subject of
eating is understood to be the same as the subject of the main
clause, namely Meg – what Meg likes is a situation where she
herself is eating apricots (see also raising verb). However in
other cases it is necessary to specify explicitly who or what is
to be understood as the subject of the gerund.
Many prescriptive grammarians prefer the subject of
such a gerund to be expressed using the possessive
form, since the gerund clause serves as a noun phrase.
Hence:
• We enjoyed their singing. (i.e. the singing that was done
by them)
• The cat's licking the cream was not generally
appreciated. (i.e. the licking that was done by the cat)
• We were delighted at Paul's being awarded the prize.
(i.e. the awarding of the prize to Paul)
The above construction is common in formal English;
however in informal English it is often more usual to use
just the noun or noun phrase (in the objective case, in
the case of personal pronouns) to indicate the subject,
without any possessive marker.
• We enjoyed them singing.
• The cat licking the cream was not generally appreciated.
• We were delighted at Paul being awarded the prize.
The above usage, though common, is criticized by
prescriptivists, since it apparently places two noun
phrases (the agent and the gerund clause) together
without any indication of their syntactic relation. It is
compared with a superficially identical construction in
which the -ing form is a present participle, and it is
entirely appropriate for it to be preceded by a noun
phrase, since the participial clause can be taken to
qualify that noun phrase:
• I saw the cat licking the cream. (i.e. I saw the cat, and
the cat was licking the cream)
The use of a non-possessive noun to precede a gerund is said to arise as a
result of confusion with the above usage with a participle, and is thus sometimes
called fused participle or geriple. This construction represents common informal
usage with gerunds; however, if the prescriptive rule is followed, the difference
between the two forms may be used to make a slight distinction in meaning:
• The teacher's shouting startled the student. (shouting is a gerund, the shouting
startled the student)
• The teacher shouting startled the student. (shouting can be interpreted as a
participle, qualifying the teacher; the teacher startled the student by shouting)
• I don't like Jim's drinking wine. (I don't like the drinking)
• I don't like Jim drinking wine. (I don't like Jim when he is drinking wine)
In some cases, particularly with a non-personal subject, the use of the
possessive before a gerund may be considered redundant even in quite a formal
register. For example, "There is no chance of the snow falling" (rather than the
prescriptively correct "There is no chance of the snow's falling").

Slide 2
Verb pattterns with the gerund

Verbs that are often followed by a gerund include admit, adore,


anticipate, appreciate, avoid, carry on, consider, contemplate, delay, deny,
describe, detest, dislike, enjoy, escape, fancy, feel, finish, give, hear,
imagine, include, justify, listen to, mention, mind, miss, notice, observe,
perceive, postpone, practice, quit, recall, report, resent, resume, risk, see,
sense, sleep, stop, suggest, tolerate and watch. Additionally, prepositions
are often followed by a gerund.
For example:
• I will never quit smoking.
• We postponed making any decision.
• After two years of analyzing, we finally made a decision.
• We heard whispering.
• They denied having avoided me.
• He talked me into coming to the party.
1) Verbs followed by a gerund or a to-infinitive
a. With little change in meaning
advise, recommend and forbid:
These are followed by a to-infinitive when there is an
object as well, but by a gerund otherwise.
• The police advised us not to enter the building, for a
murder had occurred. (Us is the object of advised.)
• The police advised against our entering the building.
(Our is used for the gerund entering.)
consider, contemplate and recommend:
These verbs are followed by a to-infinitive only in the passive
or with an object pronoun.
• People consider her to be the best. – She is considered to be
the best.
• I am considering sleeping over, if you do not mind.
begin, continue, start; hate, like, love, prefer
With would, the verbs hate, like, love, and prefer are usually
followed by the to-infinitive.
• I would like to work there. (more usual than working)
When talking about sports, there is usually a difference in
meaning between the infinitive and gerund (see the next
section).
b. With a change in meaning
like, love, prefer
In some contexts, following these verbs with a to-
infinitive when the subject of the first verb is the subject
of the second verb provides more clarity than a gerund.
• I like to box. (I enjoy doing it myself.)
• I like boxing. (Either I enjoy watching it, I enjoy doing it
myself, or the idea of boxing is otherwise appealing.)
• I do not like gambling, but I do like to gamble."
dread, hate and cannot bear:
These verbs are followed by a to-infinitive when talking
subjunctively (often when using to think), but by a gerund
when talking about general dislikes.
• I dread / hate to think what she will do.
• I dread / hate seeing him.
• I cannot bear to see you suffer like this. (You are
suffering now.)
• I cannot bear being pushed around in crowds. (I never
like that.)
forget and remember:
When these have meanings that are used to talk about the
future from the given time, the to-infinitive is used, but when
looking back in time, the gerund.
• She forgot to tell me her plans. (She did not tell me, although
she should have.)
• She forgot telling me her plans. (She told me, but then forgot
having done so.)
• I remembered to go to work. (I remembered that I needed to
go to work.)
• I remembered going to work. (I remembered that I went to
work.)
go on:
• After winning the semi-finals, he went on to play in the finals.
(He completed the semi-finals and later played in the finals.)
• He went on giggling, not having noticed the teacher enter.
(He continued doing so.)
mean:
• I did not mean to scare you off. (I did not intend to scare
you off.)
• Taking a new job in the city meant leaving behind her
familiar surroundings. (If she took the job, she would
have to leave behind her familiar surroundings.)
regret:
• We regret to inform you that you have failed your exam.
(polite or formal form of apology)
• I very much regret saying what I said. (I wish that I had not
said that.)
try:
When a to-infinitive is used, the subject is shown to make an
effort at something, attempt or endeavor to do something. If a
gerund is used, the subject is shown to attempt to do
something in testing to see what might happen.
• Please try to remember to post my letter.
• I have tried being stern, but to no avail.
stop, quit:
When the infinitive is used after 'stop' or 'quit', it means that
the subject stops one activity and starts the activity indicated
by the infinitive. If the gerund is used, it means that the
subject stops the activity indicated by the gerund.
• She stopped to smell the flowers.
• She stopped smelling the flowers.
Or more concisely:
• She stopped walking to smell the flowers.
• He quit working there to travel abroad.

Slide 2
Borrowings of english gerunds in other
languanges
English verb forms ending in -ing are sometimes
borrowed into other languages. In some cases
they become pseudo-anglicisms, taking on new
meanings or uses which are not found in
English. For instance, camping means
"campsite" in many languages, while parking
often means a parking lot. For more details and
examples, see -ing words in other languages

Slide
2

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