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Ge Chap 1 1.3

1) Problem solving involves discovering, analyzing, and solving problems through mental processes like understanding the problem, researching options, and taking action. Common problem solving strategies include heuristics, which are techniques that provide probable but not guaranteed solutions. 2) Polya's problem solving strategy outlines four key principles: understanding the problem, devising a plan, carrying out the plan, and looking back to check work. Example strategies include working backward, making diagrams, and solving simpler related problems. 3) Inductive reasoning involves reaching general conclusions from specific examples, while deductive reasoning applies general rules to reach conclusions. Logic puzzles apply deductive logic to derive conclusions.

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59 views12 pages

Ge Chap 1 1.3

1) Problem solving involves discovering, analyzing, and solving problems through mental processes like understanding the problem, researching options, and taking action. Common problem solving strategies include heuristics, which are techniques that provide probable but not guaranteed solutions. 2) Polya's problem solving strategy outlines four key principles: understanding the problem, devising a plan, carrying out the plan, and looking back to check work. Example strategies include working backward, making diagrams, and solving simpler related problems. 3) Inductive reasoning involves reaching general conclusions from specific examples, while deductive reasoning applies general rules to reach conclusions. Logic puzzles apply deductive logic to derive conclusions.

Uploaded by

Jay Anne Painagan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PROBLEM

SOLVING
AND
REASONING
PROBLEM SOLVING
- Refers to the mental process that people go through to
discover, analyze, and solve problems.

- It is an act to find way out of difficulty, find a way around an


obstacle, find a way where none is known, and attain a
desired end that is not immediately attainable by direct
means (George Polya, 1877-1985)

- It involves the discovery of the problem, the decision to


tackle the issue, understanding the problem, researching the
available options and taking actions to achieve your goals.
COMMON PROBLEM SOLVING
STATEGIES/HEURISTICS

HEURISTICS
- Are procedures or strategies that do not guarantee a
solution to a problem but provide a more highly
probable method for discovering the solution to a
problem.

1. Working Backward – this strategies is used to solve


problems that include a number of linked factors,
events, where some of the information has not been
provided, usually at the beginning of the problem.
Example:

In a dancing competition, all contestants started dancing


together. After 3 minutes, half the people were
elimanated. During the next 10 minutes, half of the
remaining were eliminated. At the 15 minute mark, half
again were eliminated, and at the 20 minute mark, half of
those still remaining were eleminated. In the last 2
minutes, one more contestant was eliminated, leaving a
winner of the competition. How many dancers were there
in the beginning?
2. GUESS AND CHECK – often referred to as “trail and
error”.
Example:
The product of the ages, in years of three teenagers is 4590. none of
the teens are the same age. What are the ages of the teenagers?
3. Make a Diagram - most common problem solving
strategy.
Example:
A frog fell down an abandoned well which was 21 meters deep. The
frog found it difficult to jump up the mud coated walls. It started its
long jump up the well at 6 am. It took it 15 mins. to jump 3 meters
because the wall were so slippery. At the end of every 15 mins. period
it rested for 5 mins while it sadly slipped down 1 meter. It continued
on at the same rate. At what time did it finally reach the top of the
well?
4. MAKE A LIST – a systematic method of organizing
information in rows and/or columns.

Example:
A basketball team won two out of their last four games. In
how many different orders could they have two wins and
two losses in four games?

5. LOOK FOR A PATTERN – entails looking for patterns


in the data in order to solve the problem, that is, the solver
looks for items or numbers that are repeated, or a series of
events that repeat.
Example:
In the song “The Twelve Days of Christmas” a person
receives a set of gifts each day for 12 days. On the first
day, she received one gift – a partridge in a pear tree. On
the second day, she received two turtle doves and another
partridge in apear tree – atotal of three new gifts. On the
third day, she received a new gift (three french hens) plus
the gifts given on the second day, for a total of six new
gifts. This continues for 12 days. How many gifts did she
receive on the 12th day?
7. SOLVE A SIMPLER PROBLEM – first use a simpler or
more familiar case of a problems. Then use the same
concepts and relationships to solve the original problem.
Example:

What is the remainder when 6x6x6x6x


6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6 is divided by
5?

8. ACT IT OUT – act out the problem by trying to do what


people or things in a problem do.
POLYA’S PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY
Principles on problem solving:
1. Understanding the problem
• Do you understand all the words used in stating the problem?
• What are you asked to find or show? What are the data?
• Can you restate the problem in your own words?
• Can you think of a picture or diagram that might help you understand
the problem?
• Is there enough information to enable you to find a solution?

2. Devising a plan
• Find the connection between the data and the unknown.
• Have you seen it before? Or have you seen the same problem in a
slightly different form?
• Do you know a related problem? Do you know a theorem that could
be useful?
3. Carrying out the plan
• Process of your solution. If your solution does not continues to
work, discard it and choose another process. Can you see clearly
that the step is correct? Can you prove that it is correct?

4. Looking back
• Can you check the result? Can you check the argument?

Example:

In a bowling games, lea scored 138, 141, and 144. what score will
she need in a fourth game in order to have an average score of 145
for all four games?
1. Understand the problem
lea’s scores in three games = 138, 141, 144
the average score of lea in four games = 145
what should be the fourth score of lea?

2. Devise a plan
solve by algebra
let x be the fourth score of lea
138 + 141 + 144 + x = 145
4

3. Carry out the plan


138 + 141 + 144 + x = 145
4
x =145 x 4 x = 580 – 138 – 141 -144
x = 157 the fourth score of lea

4. Looking back
138 + 141 + 144 + 157 = 145
4
145 = 145
INDUCTIVE REASONING
- Is the process of reaching a general conclusion by examining specific example.

DEDUCTIVE REASONING
- is the process of reaching a conclusion by applying general assumptions, procedures, or
principles.

LOGIC PUZZLE
- Is derived from the mathematics field of deduction.

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