Building Java Programs

Chapter 3
Parameters and Objects

Copyright (c) Pearson 2013.

All rights reserved.
 Redundant recipes
• Recipe for baking 20 cookies:
– Mix the following ingredients in a bowl:
• 4 cups flour
• 1 cup butter
• 1 cup sugar
• 2 eggs
• 40 pounds chocolate chips ...
– Place on sheet and Bake for about 10 minutes.

• Recipe for baking 40 cookies:

– Mix the following ingredients in a bowl:
• 8 cups flour
• 2 cups butter
• 2 cups sugar
• 4 eggs
• 80 pounds chocolate chips ...
– Place on sheet and Bake for about 10 minutes.
2
 Parameterized recipe
• Recipe for baking 20 cookies:
– Mix the following ingredients in a bowl:
• 4 cups flour
• 1 cup sugar
• 2 eggs
• ...

• Recipe for baking N cookies:

– Mix the following ingredients in a bowl:
• N/5 cups flour
• N/20 cups butter
• N/20 cups sugar
• N/10 eggs
• 2N bags chocolate chips ...
– Place on sheet and Bake for about 10 minutes.

• parameter: A value that distinguishes similar tasks.

3
 Redundant figures
• Consider the task of printing the following lines/boxes:

*************

*******

***********************************

**********
* *
**********

*****
* *
* *
*****
4
 A redundant solution
public class Stars1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
lineOf13();
lineOf7(); • This code is redundant.
lineOf35();
box10x3();
box5x4(); • Would variables help?
}
Would constants help?
public static void lineOf13() {
for (int i = 1; i <= 13; i++) {
System.out.print("*"); • What is a better solution?
}
System.out.println(); – line - A method to draw a
}
public static void lineOf7() {
line of any number of stars.
for (int i = 1; i <= 7; i++) { – box - A method to draw a
System.out.print("*");
} box of any size.
System.out.println();
}
public static void lineOf35() {
for (int i = 1; i <= 35; i++) {
System.out.print("*");
}
System.out.println();
}
...
5
 Parameterization
• parameter: A value passed to a method by its caller.

– Instead of lineOf7, lineOf13, write line to draw any length.

• When declaring the method, we will state that it requires a parameter
for the number of stars.
• When calling the method, we will specify how many stars to draw.

7
mai lin ******
n e *
1 lin ************
3 e *

6
 Declaring a parameter
Stating that a method requires a parameter in order to run

public static void name ( type name ) {

statement(s);
}

• Example:
public static void sayPassword(int code) {
System.out.println("The password is: " + code);
}

– When sayPassword is called, the caller must specify

the integer code to print.

7
 Passing a parameter
Calling a method and specifying values for its parameters

name (expression);

• Example:
public static void main(String[] args) {
sayPassword(42);
sayPassword(12345);
}
Output:
The password is 42
The password is 12345

8
 Parameters and loops
• A parameter can guide the number of repetitions of a loop.
public static void main(String[] args) {
chant(3);
}

public static void chant(int times) {

for (int i = 1; i <= times; i++) {
System.out.println("Just a salad...");
}
}

Output:
Just a salad...
Just a salad...
Just a salad...
9
 How parameters are passed
• When the method is called:
– The value is stored into the parameter variable.
– The method's code executes using that value.

public static void main(String[] args) {

chant(3);
chant(7);
} 3
7

public static void chant(int times) {

for (int i = 1; i <= times; i++) {
System.out.println("Just a salad...");
}
}
10
 Common errors
• If a method accepts a parameter, it is illegal to call it without
passing any value for that parameter.
chant(); // ERROR: parameter value required

• The value passed to a method must be of the correct type.

chant(3.7); // ERROR: must be of type int

• Exercise: Change the Stars program to use a parameterized

method for drawing lines of stars.

11
 Stars solution
// Prints several lines of stars.
// Uses a parameterized method to remove redundancy.
public class Stars2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
line(13);
line(7);
line(35);
}

// Prints the given number of stars plus a line break.

public static void line(int count) {
for (int i = 1; i <= count; i++) {
System.out.print("*");
}
System.out.println();
}
}

12
 Multiple parameters
• A method can accept multiple parameters. (separate by , )
– When calling it, you must pass values for each parameter.

• Declaration:
public static void name (type name, ..., type name) {
statement(s);
}

• Call:
methodName (value, value, ..., value);

13
 Multiple params example
public static void main(String[] args) {
printNumber(4, 9);
printNumber(17, 6);
printNumber(8, 0);
printNumber(0, 8);
}
public static void printNumber(int number, int count) {
for (int i = 1; i <= count; i++) {
System.out.print(number);
}
System.out.println();
}
Output:
444444444
171717171717
00000000

• Modify the Stars program to draw boxes with parameters.

14
 Stars solution
// Prints several lines and boxes made of stars.
// Third version with multiple parameterized methods.
public class Stars3 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
line(13);
line(7);
line(35);
System.out.println();
box(10, 3);
box(5, 4);
box(20, 7);
}
// Prints the given number of stars plus a line break.
public static void line(int count) {
for (int i = 1; i <= count; i++) {
System.out.print("*");
}
System.out.println();
}
...
15
 Stars solution, cont'd.
...

// Prints a box of stars of the given size.

public static void box(int width, int height) {
line(width);
for (int line = 1; line <= height - 2; line++) {
System.out.print("*");
for (int space = 1; space <= width - 2; space++) {
System.out.print(" ");
}
System.out.println("*");
}
line(width);
}
}

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 Value semantics
• value semantics: When primitive variables (int, double) are
passed as parameters, their values are copied.
– Modifying the parameter will not affect the variable passed in.

public static void strange(int x) {

x = x + 1;
System.out.println("1. x = " + x);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

int x = 23;
strange(x); Output:
System.out.println("2. x = " + x); 1. x = 24
... 2. x = 23
}
17
 "Parameter Mystery" problem
public class ParameterMystery {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 9;
int y = 2;
int z = 5;

mystery(z, y, x);

mystery(y, x, z);
}

public static void mystery(int x, int z, int y) {

System.out.println(z + " and " + (y - x));
}
}
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 Strings
• string: A sequence of text characters.
String name = "text";
String name = expression;

– Examples:
String name = "Marla Singer";
int x = 3;
int y = 5;
String point = "(" + x + ", " + y + ")";

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 Strings as parameters
public class StringParameters {
public static void main(String[] args) {
sayHello("Marty");
String teacher = "Bictolia";
sayHello(teacher);
}
public static void sayHello(String name) {
System.out.println("Welcome, " + name);
}
}
Output:
Welcome, Marty
Welcome, Bictolia

• Modify the Stars program to use string parameters. Use a

method named repeat that prints a string many times.
20
 Stars solution
// Prints several lines and boxes made of stars.
// Fourth version with String parameters.
public class Stars4 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
line(13);
line(7);
line(35);
System.out.println();
box(10, 3);
box(5, 4);
box(20, 7);
}
// Prints the given number of stars plus a line break.
public static void line(int count) {
repeat("*", count);
System.out.println();
}

...

21
 Stars solution, cont'd.
...

// Prints a box of stars of the given size.

public static void box(int width, int height) {
line(width);
for (int line = 1; line <= height - 2; line++) {
System.out.print("*");
repeat(" ", width - 2);
System.out.println("*");
}
line(width);
}
// Prints the given String the given number of times.
public static void repeat(String s, int times) {
for (int i = 1; i <= times; i++) {
System.out.print(s);
}
}
}
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Return values
 Java's Math class
Method name Description
Math.abs(value) absolute value
Math.ceil(value) rounds up
Math.floor(value) rounds down
Math.log10(value) logarithm, base 10
Math.max(value1, value2) larger of two values
Math.min(value1, value2) smaller of two values
Math.pow(base, exp) base to the exp power
Math.random() random double between 0 and 1
Math.round(value) nearest whole number
Math.sqrt(value) square root
Math.sin(value) sine/cosine/tangent of
Math.cos(value) an angle in radians Constant Description
Math.tan(value) Math.E 2.7182818...
Math.toDegrees(value) convert degrees to Math.PI 3.1415926...
Math.toRadians(value) radians and back
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 Calling Math methods
Math.methodName(parameters)

• Examples:
double squareRoot = Math.sqrt(121.0);
System.out.println(squareRoot); // 11.0

int absoluteValue = Math.abs(-50);

System.out.println(absoluteValue); // 50

System.out.println(Math.min(3, 7) + 2); // 5

• The Math methods do not print to the console.

– Each method produces ("returns") a numeric result.
– The results are used as expressions (printed, stored, etc.).
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 Return
• return: To send out a value as the result of a method.
– The opposite of a parameter:
• Parameters send information in from the caller to the method.
• Return values send information out from a method to its caller.
– A call to the method can be used as part of an expression.

- Math.abs(-
42 42)
4
mai 2
n 2.7
1
3
Math.round(2.71
)
26
 Math questions
• Evaluate the following expressions:
– Math.abs(-1.23)
– Math.pow(3, 2)
– Math.pow(10, -2)
– Math.sqrt(121.0) - Math.sqrt(256.0)
– Math.round(Math.PI) + Math.round(Math.E)
– Math.ceil(6.022) + Math.floor(15.9994)
– Math.abs(Math.min(-3, -5))

• Math.max and Math.min can be used to bound numbers.

Consider an int variable named age.
– What statement would replace negative ages with 0?
– What statement would cap the maximum age to 40?
27
 Quirks of real numbers
• Some Math methods return double or other non-int types.
int x = Math.pow(10, 3); // ERROR: incompat. types

• Some double values print poorly (too many digits).

double result = 1.0 / 3.0;
System.out.println(result); // 0.3333333333333

• The computer represents doubles in an imprecise way.

System.out.println(0.1 + 0.2);

– Instead of 0.3, the output is 0.30000000000000004

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 Type casting
• type cast: A conversion from one type to another.
– To promote an int into a double to get exact division from /
– To truncate a double from a real number to an integer

• Syntax:
(type) expression

Examples:
double result = (double) 19 / 5; // 3.8
int result2 = (int) result; // 3
int x = (int) Math.pow(10, 3); // 1000

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 More about type casting
• Type casting has high precedence and only casts the item
immediately next to it.
– double x = (double) 1 + 1 / 2; // 1
– double y = 1 + (double) 1 / 2; // 1.5

• You can use parentheses to force evaluation order.

– double average = (double) (a + b + c) / 3;

• A conversion to double can be achieved in other ways.

– double average = 1.0 * (a + b + c) / 3;

30
 Returning a value
public static type name(parameters) {
statements;
...
return expression;
}

• Example:
// Returns the slope of the line between the given points.
public static double slope(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2) {
double dy = y2 - y1;
double dx = x2 - x1;
return dy / dx;
}

– slope(1, 3, 5, 11) returns 2.0

31
 Return examples
// Converts degrees Fahrenheit to Celsius.
public static double fToC(double degreesF) {
double degreesC = 5.0 / 9.0 * (degreesF - 32);
return degreesC;
}

// Computes triangle hypotenuse length given its side lengths.

public static double hypotenuse(int a, int b) {
double c = Math.sqrt(a * a + b * b);
return c;
}

• You can shorten the examples by returning an expression:

public static double fToC(double degreesF) {
return 5.0 / 9.0 * (degreesF - 32);
}
32
 Common error: Not storing
• Many students incorrectly think that a return statement
sends a variable's name back to the calling method.
public static void main(String[] args) {
slope(0, 0, 6, 3);
System.out.println("The slope is " + result); // ERROR:
} // result not defined

public static double slope(int x1, int x2, int y1, int y2) {
double dy = y2 - y1;
double dx = x2 - x1;
double result = dy / dx;
return result;
}

33
 Fixing the common error
• Instead, returning sends the variable's value back.
– The returned value must be stored into a variable or used in an
expression to be useful to the caller.

public static void main(String[] args) {

double s = slope(0, 0, 6, 3);
System.out.println("The slope is " + s);
}

public static double slope(int x1, int x2, int y1, int y2) {
double dy = y2 - y1;
double dx = x2 - x1;
double result = dy / dx;
return result;
}

34
Objects and Classes;
Strings
 Classes and objects
• class: A program entity that represents either:
1. A program / module, or
2. A type of objects.

– A class is a blueprint or template for constructing objects.

– Example: The DrawingPanel class (type) is a template for

creating many DrawingPanel objects (windows).
• Java has 1000s of classes. Later (Ch.8) we will write our own.

• object: An entity that combines data and behavior.

– object-oriented programming (OOP): Programs that perform
their behavior as interactions between objects.

36
 Objects
• object: An entity that contains data and behavior.
– data: variables inside the object
– behavior: methods inside the object
• You interact with the methods;
the data is hidden in the object.

• Constructing (creating) an object:

Type objectName = new Type(parameters);

• Calling an object's method:

objectName.methodName(parameters);

37
 Blueprint analogy
iPod blueprint/factory
state:
current song
volume
battery life
behavior:
power on/off
change station/song
change volume
choose random song

creates

iPod #1 iPod #2 iPod #3

state: state: state:
song = "1,000,000 Miles" song = "Letting You" song = "Discipline"
volume = 17 volume = 9 volume = 24
battery life = 2.5 hrs battery life = 3.41 hrs battery life = 1.8 hrs
behavior: behavior: behavior:
power on/off power on/off power on/off
change station/song change station/song change station/song
change volume change volume change volume
choose random song choose random song choose random song

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 Strings
• string: An object storing a sequence of text characters.
– Unlike most other objects, a String is not created with new.

String name = "text";

String name = expression;

– Examples:
String name = "Marla Singer";
int x = 3;
int y = 5;
String point = "(" + x + ", " + y + ")";

39
 Indexes
• Characters of a string are numbered with 0-based indexes:
String name = "R. Kelly";
index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
character R . K e l l y

– First character's index : 0

– Last character's index : 1 less than the string's length

– The individual characters are values of type char (seen later)

40
 String methods
Method name Description
indexOf(str) index where the start of the given string appears
in this string (-1 if not found)
length() number of characters in this string
substring(index1, index2) the characters in this string from index1
or (inclusive) to index2 (exclusive);
substring(index1) if index2 is omitted, grabs till end of string
toLowerCase() a new string with all lowercase letters
toUpperCase() a new string with all uppercase letters

• These methods are called using the dot notation:

String gangsta = "Dr. Dre";
System.out.println(gangsta.length()); // 7
41
 String method examples
// index 012345678901
String s1 = "Stuart Reges";
String s2 = "Marty Stepp";
System.out.println(s1.length()); // 12
System.out.println(s1.indexOf("e")); // 8
System.out.println(s1.substring(7, 10)); // "Reg"
String s3 = s2.substring(1, 7);
System.out.println(s3.toLowerCase()); // "arty s"

• Given the following string:

// index 0123456789012345678901
String book = "Building Java Programs";

– How would you extract the word "Java" ?

42
 Modifying strings
• Methods like substring and toLowerCase build and return
a new string, rather than modifying the current string.
String s = "lil bow wow";
s.toUpperCase();
System.out.println(s); // lil bow wow

• To modify a variable's value, you must reassign it:

String s = "lil bow wow";
s = s.toUpperCase();
System.out.println(s); // LIL BOW WOW

43
Interactive Programs with
Scanner
 Input and System.in
• interactive program: Reads input from the console.
– While the program runs, it asks the user to type input.
– The input typed by the user is stored in variables in the code.

– Can be tricky; users are unpredictable and misbehave.

– But interactive programs have more interesting behavior.

• Scanner: An object that can read input from many sources.

– Communicates with System.in (the opposite of System.out)

– Can also read from files (Ch. 6), web sites, databases, ...

45
 Scanner syntax
• The Scanner class is found in the java.util package.
import java.util.*; // so you can use Scanner

• Constructing a Scanner object to read console input:

Scanner name = new Scanner(System.in);

– Example:
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);

46
 Scanner methods
Method Description
nextInt() reads an int from the user and returns it
nextDouble() reads a double from the user
next() reads a one-word String from the user
nextLine() reads a one-line String from the user

– Each method waits until the user presses Enter.

– The value typed by the user is returned.

System.out.print("How old are you? "); // prompt

int age = console.nextInt();
System.out.println("You typed " + age);

• prompt: A message telling the user what input to type.

47
 Scanner example
import java.util.*; // so that I can use Scanner
public class UserInputExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("How old are you? "); age 29

int age = console.nextInt();
years 36
int years = 65 - age;
System.out.println(years + " years to retirement!");
}
}

• Console (user input underlined):

29
How old are you?
36 years until retirement!
48
 Scanner example 2
import java.util.*; // so that I can use Scanner
public class ScannerMultiply {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Please type two numbers: ");
int num1 = console.nextInt();
int num2 = console.nextInt();
int product = num1 * num2;
System.out.println("The product is " + product);
}
}

• Output (user input underlined):

Please type two numbers: 8 6
The product is 48

– The Scanner can read multiple values from one line.

49
 Input tokens
• token: A unit of user input, as read by the Scanner.
– Tokens are separated by whitespace (spaces, tabs, new lines).
– How many tokens appear on the following line of input?
23 John Smith 42.0 "Hello world" $2.50 " 19"

• When a token is not the type you ask for, it crashes.

System.out.print("What is your age? ");
int age = console.nextInt();

Output:
What is your age? Timmy
java.util.InputMismatchException
at java.util.Scanner.next(Unknown Source)
at java.util.Scanner.nextInt(Unknown Source)
...
50
 Strings as user input
• Scanner's next method reads a word of input as a String.
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("What is your name? ");
String name = console.next();
name = name.toUpperCase();
System.out.println(name + " has " + name.length() +
" letters and starts with " + name.substring(0, 1));

Output:
What is your name? Chamillionaire
CHAMILLIONAIRE has 14 letters and starts with C

• The nextLine method reads a line of input as a String.

System.out.print("What is your address? ");
String address = console.nextLine();

51
 Strings question
• Write a program that outputs a person's "gangsta name."
– first initial
– Diddy
– last name (all caps)
– first name
– -izzle

Example Output:
Type your name, playa: Marge Simpson
Your gangsta name is "M. Diddy SIMPSON Marge-izzle"

52
 Strings answer
// This program prints your "gangsta" name.
import java.util.*;

public class GangstaName {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Type your name, playa: ");
String name = console.nextLine();

// split name into first/last name and initials

String first = name.substring(0, name.indexOf(" "));
String last = name.substring(name.indexOf(" ") + 1);
last = last.toUpperCase();
String fInitial = first.substring(0, 1);

System.out.println("Your gangsta name is \"" + fInitial +

". Diddy " + last + " " + first + "-izzle\"");
}
}

53