Protection Relay

• Over current relay

• Differential relay
• Distance relay

1
3.1. Over Current Relay (OCR)
• A protective relay which operates when the load current
exceed a preset value called an over current relay.
• Pick-up value is a value that can causes relay to operate is used
in substation for the power equipment protection against short
circuit of phase to phase and ground fault.
OCR Characteristics
•Definite-time
•Instantaneous
•Inverse-time Definite Minimum Time (IDMT)
•Very Inverse-time
Extremely Inverse 2
Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT)
•Gives an inverse-time current characteristic at lower values of
the fault current and definite-time Characteristic at higher values
of the fault current.
•Inverse time characteristic is obtained if the value of the plug
setting multiplier between 10 and 20, the characteristic tend to
become a straight line, i.e. toward the definite time characteristic.
•These relays are widely used for the protection of lines.

3
• Definite-time Over current Relay
The operating time is constant,
irrespective of the magnitude of the current
• Instantaneous Over current Relay
The operating time is constant,
irrespective of the magnitude of the currents
There is no intentional time delay.
It operates in 1s or less.
• Inverse-time Over current Relay
The operating time depends on the magnitude of current.
The operating time decrease as the current increases. .
4
Very Inverse-time
Gives more inverse characteristic than previous ones.
Characteristic gives better selectivity than the IDMT
Can be used where an IDMT relay fails

Extremely inverse relays

Its time-current characteristic according to I 3.5 t = K.
Very suitable for the protection against overheating for machines,
power transformers, grounding transformers, and expensive
cables.

5
 INVERSE TIME CHARACTERISTIC

Operating time

DEFINITE TIME CHARACTERISTIC

Pick Up Value

Actuating Quantity

Fig. Characteristic of Definite and Inverse time OCR

6
Moderately, Very and Extremely inverse-time characteristics
7
IDMT t
0.14
I 0.02  1

13.5
Very Inverse t
I 1

80
Extremely Inverse t 2
I 1

8
IEEE Standardized Relay Curve Equation Constant
A B p
Moderately inverse 0.0515 0.114 0.02
Very inverse 19.61 0.491 2.0
Extremely inverse 28.2 0.122 2.0

The Plug Setting Multiplier

PSM = Secondary Current / Relay Current Setting
= (Primary fault current)/(Relay current setting x C.T.ratio)

Time Setting
There are 10 steps and over.
The values of TMS are 0.1, 0.2, …, 0.9, 1.0
9
Current Setting
•A relay is set 5 A. The current > 5 A (operate) and
The current <5 A (not operate).
•For phase to phase fault protection can be set
at 50% to 200% of rated current in steps of 25%.
•The usual current rating is 5A.
•For protection against ground faults has setting
20% to 80% of rated current in steps of 10%.
•The current rating of a ground fault relay is usually 1A.

10
Time-current characteristics
for different values of TMS

11
12
Example:
An over current relay (OCR) available current tapping
are 2.5, 3.75, 5, 6.25, 7.5,…10 A.
Fault current = 6.000 A, CT ratio is 400/5.
TMS likes in Figure 5.3.
Determine the operating time of the relay

13
3.2. Differential Relay
•The principle operating of differential relay based on Kirchhoff’s
current law.
•Not operated for external fault and operated for
fault in protected zone
•Using two pairs CT in each phases
•Using CT ratio gives the same secondary current

14
Fig. a typical differential connection in normal condition.

15
Figure Differential relay with internal fault
(trip relay)

16
Characteristic of Percentage differential relay
17
 Fig. Percentage Differential relay

Usually, the rating of the percentage differential relays are

designed to trip given values, such as 30% or 40%.
18
3.3. Distance relay (Rele Jarak)
The distance relay operates on the principle of comparing the
voltage and current in some way to obtain a measure of the ratio
between quantities.
The relay apparent impedance, Z = V/I.

Types of distance relay

i). Impedance relays
ii). Reactance relays
iii). MHO relays, etc

19
Fig. Relay based on an amplitude comparator

20
VF = IFZF

21
Impedance relay
The current produces a positive torque (operating torque)
and the voltage produces a negative torque (restraining torque).
The equations for the operating torque

The equations for the operating torque,

T = K1 I2 – K2V2 – K3
K1, K2 , and K3 are constants,
K3 being torque due to the control spring effect.

Neglecting the effect of the spring used,

T = K1 I2 – K2V2
22
For the operation of the relay, the following
condition should be satisfied.
K1 I2 > K2V2 or K2V2 < K1 I2
or
V K1
<
I K2

V
< K where K is a constant
I Or Z < K

23
The Characteristics of
impedance relay

24
Setting the reach and operating time of distance relays

In order to convert the primary impedance into a secondary value,

which is used for the setting of the distance relay, the following
expression is used

where CTR and VTR are the transformation ratios of the current
and voltage transformers, respectively.

25
Figure Distance relay protection zones for a radial system

26
Setting of the reach of the three main protection zones is made in
accordance with the following criteria:
•Zone 1: this is set to cover between 80 and 85 % of the length of
the protected line;
• Zone 2: this is set to cover all the protected line plus 50 %
of the shortest next line;
• Zone 3: this is set to cover all the protected line plus 100 % of
the second longest line, plus 25 % of the shortest next line.

The operating time for zone 1, tl, is normally set by the

manufacturer to trip instantaneously.
The operating time for zone 2 is usually of the order of 0.25 to 0.4
s, and that of zone 3 is in the range of 0.6 to 1.0 s.

27
TRANSMISSION/DISTRIBUTION LINE PROTECTION

For transmission line protection in interconnected systems, it is

necessary to provide the desired selectivity such that relay
operation results in the least service interruption while isolating
the fault. This is referred to as relay coordination.

Time/current gradings are involved in three basic methods

discussed below for radial or loop circuits where there are several
line sections in series.

Three Methods of Relay Grading

A) Time Grading

28
Time grading ensures that the breaker nearest to the fault opens
first, by choosing an appropriate time setting for each of the relays.
The time settings increase as the relay gets closer to the source. A
simple radial system shown in Figure demonstrates this principle.

29
Fault currents are higher the closer the fault is to the source and
this is utilized in the current-grading method.
Relays are set to operate at a suitably graded current setting that
decreases as the distance from the source is increased

Figure Current Grading for a Radial System 30

FIG. Operating time of overcurrent relays with inverse-time characteristics

The operating time

T2 of the relay at bus 2 can be expressed as
T2 = T1 + CDT.
CDT = (operating time of breaker B1) + (error margin)
31
Example 2. The one-line diagram of a 13.2-kV radial system.
Three-phase fault currents at buses 1, 2, and 3 are 2400, 2700,
and 3000 A, respectively.

32
Transformer Protection

Faults in transformer can be divided in two classes:

• External and
• Internal faults.
External faults are faults that occurs out side of transformer
protection zone
Internal faults are faults that occurs within then transformer
protection zone

External faults
•Overloads cause the transformer to over heat. One cause of
overload may be due to unequal sharing of parallel transformers
or unbalance loading of three phase banks.

33
External faults
• Over voltage can be either due to short term transient
conditions or long-term power frequency conditions.
Transient over voltage cause end turn stresses and possible
breakdown
• Under frequency also is caused by a major system disturbance
that causes an imbalance between generation and load
• The conditions is similar to over voltage in that exciting current
is greatly increased at low frequencies, causing over- fluxing of
the transformer circuits.
• Externalsystem short circuits are external to the transformer
protection zone, but cause high transformer currents,
can cause transformer winding damage.

34
Two classifications of internal fault namely:
• Incipient faults and
• Active faults

Incipient faults are faults that develop slowly,

but that may develop into major faults
if the cause is not detected and corrected
(overheating, over fluxing, overpressure).
Active faults are caused by the breakdown in
insulation or other components that create a sudden
stress situation that requires prompt action to limit the
damage and prevent further destructive actions (SC). 35
Over heating may be caused by
• Poor internal connections, in either the electric/magnetic circuit.
• Loss of coolant due to leakage
• Blockage of coolant flow.
• Loss of fan or pumps that designed to provide cooling

Over pressure in the transformer thank occurs due to

• The release of gasses or products that accompany
the localized heating due to any cause.
• For example, a turn to turn fault may burn slowly,
releasing gases in the process, or local heating of
insulations may give off gases.

36
Figure Differential Protection of a Δ/Y Transformer
37
Transformer protection using differential relay
is recommended For large transformers (>10 MVA).

Delta Wye Connected 38

The currents in the restraint windings we
get ratio as,

N  N C 3I LY 3VLL
n   
N Y N CY I L VLLY

I S N CY I LY
= 3 0
I SY N C I L 39
Example
Consider a Δ/Y-connected, 20-MVA, 33/11-kV transformer with
differential protection applied, for the current transformer ratios
shown in Figure 2.
Calculate the relay currents on full load. Find the minimum relay
current setting to allow 125 percent overload.

40
41
Note that we multiply by V3 to obtain the values on the line side of
the Δ-Y connected C.T.’s. The relay current on normal load is
therefore

With 1.25 overload ratio, the relay setting should be

42
Over current relay
• Protection of transformers of rating 100 kVA
and below 5 MVA.
• Used as back up protection where differential protection
is used as primary protection.
• For small transformer, OCRs are used for both overload
and fault protection.
• An extremely inverse relay for overload and light faults
Instantaneous OCR for heavy faults.
• A very inverse residual ocr with instantaneous relay
is suitable for ground faults.
43
 POWER
TRANSFORMER

CT CT

RESIDUAL
OVER CURRENT RELAY

RESTRICTED EARTH
FAULT RELAY

Earth fault protection of a power transformer

44
Distance relaying for Protection
•As back up protection.
•Using Directional distance relaying when the
•Setting or coordination of the over current relays is a problem.
•The directional distance relays are connected to operate when
the fault current flows toward the protected transformer.
•They are set to reach into, but not beyond the transformer.

45
Over excitation protection,
•May result in thermal damage to cores due to excessively
high flux in the magnetic circuits.
•Excess flux saturates the core steel and flows into the adjacent
structure, causing high eddy current losses in the core.
•A transformer designed for a voltage limit of 1.2 p.u at rated
frequency will experience over excitation whenever the per
unit volts/hertz exceed 1.2.

46
Protections against magnetizing inrush current.
When a transformer is first energized, a transient magnetizing
or exiting inrush current may flow. Magnetizing inrush current
has a high harmonic content (the second harmonics).
A high speed biased differential scheme incorporating
a harmonic restraint.

Over-heating protection
Caused by Over loading
The maximum allowed temperature is about 950C and
depend on insulations class.
The protection against overload is usually measured
by thermal relay. 47
Buchholz relay
To detect incipient faults which are initially minor faults but
may cause major faults in due course of time.
When a fault develops slowly, it produces heat, thereby
decomposing solid or liquid insulating material in the transform.
The decomposing solid or liquid insulating material produces
inflammable gases give alarm.

48
Sudden pressure relay (SPR)
Capable of detecting a rapid rise of pressure
It operates with a sealed air or gas chamber above oil level.
The SPR relay is recommended for all units of 5 MVA or more.
It operating time varies from one-half cycle to 37 cycles.

Over-fluxing protection.
The magnetic flux increase when voltage increases.
This results in increased iron loss and magnetizing current
and the lamination insulation is affected.
Protection against over-fluxing due to sustained over-voltage
can occur
49
 Protection Transformer Bank

Legend
87 T :Transformer differential
relays
50/51 : Inverse time CO relay
(phase fault)
50G : Ground fault relay (GFR)

50/51N : Back up GFR

151G : Feeder ground back up
which trip breaker 52-11
50
63 : SPR
 Bus-bar Protection.

Location of current transformer for bus-bar protections

There are three CT location that used for protection

1. Double bus and single breaker

2. Breaker and half

3. Ring bus

51
52
Information is required for the scheme selections, relay
selections, and setting calculations;
i). Bus-bar configuration such as in Figure 5.11.
ii). Maximum and minimum bus fault current.
iii).Current transformer information including
location, ratio, accuracy class and saturation
curve of current transformers.

iv).Operating speed requirement.

53
The Other Bus Bar protection

Figure 5.12. Over current differential bus

protection.

54
Figure 5.13. Connection of one CA-16 relay per phase to protect a bus
with three equivalent circuits.

55
 Figure 5.14. Connection of one CA-16 relay per phase
to protect a bus with four equivalent
circuits.

56