CO R ON A VIR U S DISEA SE 2 01 9
SEVERE ACUTE
RESPIRATORY
SYNDROME
CORONAVIRUS 2 (SARS‐
COV‐2
What is
COVID 19?
/ˌKŌVIDˌNĪNˈTĒN/
C OR ONA VI R US D IS E A SE 20 1 9
: an acute respiratory illness in humans
caused by a coronavirus, capable of
producing severe symptoms and in
some cases death, especially in older
people and those with underlying
health conditions. It was originally
identified in China in 2019 and
became pandemic in 2020.
BACKGROUND
On 31 De c e mber 20 19 , WHO was i n form e d of c a se s o f p ne u m on i a of un k nown cau se in
Wu ha n C i t y, Ch in a. A n ov el co ron a vi rus wa s i de n t i fi e d a s t he ca u se by Ch in ese aut ho rit ies
on 7 Ja n ua ry 20 20 and was te mp or ari l y n am e d “ 20 19 -nC o V” .
On 3 0 Ja n ua ry 2 02 0, Dr Ted ros Ad ha n om Ghe b re ye s us , WHO Di re c t o r-Gen eral d eclared th e
no ve l c oro na v irus ou tb reak a p ub l i c h e a l t h e m erge n c y o f i nt e rna t i o n al co ncern (PHEIC),
WHO' s h i g hes t lev el of al arm. At t h at t i m e t h e re we re 9 8 ca s e s an d no d ea th s i n 18
c ou nt ri e s o ut si de Ch in a.
On 11 Ma rc h 20 20 , t he rapi d in c re as e i n t h e nu m b er of c a s es o ut si de Ch in a l ed t he WHO
Di rec t o r- Ge neral t o an no u nce t ha t t he ou t b re a k co u l d b e c ha ra c t e ri z ed as a p ande mic. By
t h e n m o re t han 11 8 0 00 ca ses h a d b e en re port e d i n 11 4 c ou nt ri e s , an d 42 9 1 d eath s h ad been
re c ord e d.
B y m i d-Ma rc h 20 20 , th e WHO Eu ro pe a n R e g i o n h a d b e c om e t he e p i c en tre of th e epi demi c,
re po rt i ng o ver 40 % of g lo bal ly c onf i rm e d c a s es . As o f 2 8 Ap ri l 2 0 20 , 63 % of g lo bal
m ort a l i t y from th e vi rus was fro m t he R e g i o n.
Si n c e t h e fi rs t cases were rep o rt e d, WHO ha s work e d a rou nd t h e c l oc k t o su p po rt cou nt ries
t o pre p a re a n d resp on d t o t he C OVID-1 9 p a nd e m i c . In t he wo rds of Dr Han s Hen ri P.
Kl ug e , WHO Reg io n al Di rect or for Eur ope , “ Th rou gh t ra n spa re n t kn owled ge-s hari ng ,
t a i l o re d s up p ort on th e gro un d , a nd s t e a dfa s t so l i da ri t y, we wi l l b e a t COVID-19 .”
W H O IS MOR E AT R ISK OF
SE V E R E IL LN ESS FR O M C O V ID
19?
Peop l e age d 6 0 ye a rs a nd ove r, a nd
those with und erlying me dic al
probl em s like high blo od p re ssure ,
he ar t a nd lun g proble ms, d ia be tes,
obe si t y or c an ce r, are a t high er ris k of
de ve l opi ng se riou s illn ess.
Howe ve r, a nyone c an g et sick with
COVI D- 19 a nd be co me se riou sly ill o r
die at a ny a ge .
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
WHAT ARE T HE S IGNS
AND SYMPTOMS
T he mo s t c o mm o n s y m pt o m s o f C OV ID-1 9 a re
Fev e r
D ry co u g h
Fatig u e
O th e r s y m pto m s t h a t a r e le s s c o m mo n an d ma y a ffe ct s om e p a tie n ts in c lud e :
L os s o f ta s te o r s m e l l,
N as a l c o n g es ti o n ,
C on ju n c tiv itis ( a ls o k n o w n a s re d e y es )
Sore th ro a t,
H ea d a c h e,
Mu s c le o r jo int pa i n ,
D iffe re nt ty p e s o f s k i n r a s h,
N au s e a o r v o m i ti n g ,
D ia rrh e a,
C hills o r d iz z ine s s .
COR ONA VI RUS DIS EASE 2019
SYMPTOMS OF SEVERE COVID‐19 DISEASE INCLUDE:
SIGNS AND Shortness of breath,
SYMPTOMS Loss of appetite,
Confusion,
Persistent pain or pressure in the chest,
High temperature (above 38 °C).
OTHER LESS COMMON SYMPTOMS ARE:
Irritability,
Confusion,
Reduced consciousness (sometimes associated with
seizures),
Anxiety,
Depression,
Sleep disorders,
More severe and rare neurological complications such
as strokes, brain inflammation, delirium and nerve
damage.
C OR ONA VI RUS DISE ASE 2019
DIAGNOSTIC EXAM
• I nf lu e nz a SAR S- CoV-2
M ul t ip l ex Ass a y
• An t i ge n Te s t
• S er ol ogy
• Bl ood Te s t
• Che s t X-ra y
C L INIC AL
MANAGEMEN T / T R E AT M E NT
C li nical m an age m e nt of COVID-19
i ncl ude s i nf ect i on pr ev ent i on and
C ORONA VI R US DI SE AS E 2 019
cont rol m e as ure s a nd suppor t i ve care,
i ncl udi ng s uppl e m e nt al o xygen and
m echani c al v ent i l at ory supp ort when
i ndicat ed .
MILD TO MODERATE
DISEASE
Pa t i en ts w i t h a m i l d c lin ic al p re senta tio n (ab se nc e of v ira l
pn e um onia a nd hyp oxia ) ma y n ot i nitia lly re qu ire
ho sp italiz a t i on, a nd m ost pa tien ts w ill be a ble to man ag e
C ORONA VI R US DI SE AS E 2 019
t he i r i llnes s a t hom e . T he de cision to mon itor a p atie nt in
t he inpa tie n t or out pa t i e nt settin g shoul d be ma de o n a c ase-
by -c ase b a s i s . T h i s d ec isio n w ill de pen d on th e cli nic al
pr e se nta tion, r e q ui r e m en t for supp ortive ca re, pote ntia l risk
f a c t ors fo r s e ve r e di s e a se, a nd t he a bility of th e p atie nt to
s e l f -isola te a t h om e . Pati ents wi th risk fac tors for se ve re
i l l ne ss shou l d b e m on itored c losel y g ive n th e possible risk
of prog re ssi o n t o se ve re illn ess, e spec iall y i n th e se con d
we e k aft er s ym pt om onse t.
SE VERE DISEASE
Some pa t i e n t s w i th C OV ID-19 w ill h av e se ve re
dise ase r e q ui r i ng ho sp itali za tion for m an age me nt.
I npa tie nt m a n a g eme nt inc lude s sup portiv e
ma nag em e nt o f t he most c omm on c omp lica tions of
s eve re CO VI D - 19: pne um onia , h ypo xem ic re spirat ory
f ailu re/A RD S, s ep sis an d sep tic shoc k,
c a rdio m yop a t h y a nd a rrh ythm ia, ac ute k idne y in jury,
a n d co m pl i c a t i ons fro m prolo nge d hospita liza tio n,
i nc lud ing s e c onda r y ba cte ria l an d fun gal in fe cti ons,
t hro mboe m bo l i s m , ga stroi ntestin al b lee di ng , a nd
c riti ca l i l l n e s s pol yne uropa thy /myo path y.
DEXAMETHASONE
PHARMACOLOGIC
MANAGEMENT
TOCILIZUMAB
REMDESIVIR
BARICITINIB IN COMBINATION WITH
REMDESIVIR
ANTICOAGULATION DRUGS
COMPLICATIONS
C OR ONA VI R US DI SE ASE 2019
Complications of COVID-19 have included
pneumonia, acute respiratory distress
syndrome, cardiac injury, arrhythmia, septic
shock, liver dysfunction, acute kidney injury,
and multi-organ failure, among others.
Assessment
NURSING Preventing the spread of coronavirus infection
RESPONSIBILITIES Providing more information about COVID-19 and its
management to the patient
Reducing fever
Restoring normal respiratory patterns
Easing anxiety
Monitor vital signs
Monitor O2 saturation
Manage fever
Maintain respiratory isolation
Enforce strict hand hygiene
Provide information
CORONA VI RUS DISE ASE 2019
PUBLIC ADVICE
Keep yourself and others safe: Do it all!
Protect yourself and those around you:
Get vaccinated as soon as it’s your turn and follow local guidance on vaccination.
Keep physical distance of at least 1 metre from others, even if they don’t appear to be sick. Avoid crowds and close contact.
Wear a properly fitted mask when physical distancing is not possible and in poorly ventilated settings.
Clean your hands frequently with alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water.
Cover your mouth and nose with a bent elbow or tissue when you cough or sneeze. Dispose of used tissues immediately and clean
hands regularly.
If you develop symptoms or test positive for COVID-19, self-isolate until you recover.
C ORONA VIR US DI SE AS E 2019
Thank you!
Arruejo, Renea Joy
Ballo, Princess Melanie
Nolasco, Joanna Marie F.
BSN IV D
C ORONA VIRUS DI SE AS E 2 019
