Chapter - 2

Fundamental of
CCNA Ethernet LAN

200-301
By: Network
Rhinos
10/28/2021 1
 Fundamentals of Ethernet
LANs
We will discuss about below topics in this chapter :

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 Overview

• LAN – Local Area network LAN

• Ethernet LAN
• Wireless LAN
• WAN – Wide Area Network
• MAN – Metropolitan Area
Network

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An Overview of LANs
• Ethernet – It is a technology, and same name given to the cable.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
• Fiber
• Wifi

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Symbols for the Devices

Below you can see how we represent HUB, Switch and Routers

HUB SWITCH ROUTER

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Typical SOHO LANs
• It includes
• Switch Layer 2
• Router Layer 3
• End Devices

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Typical Enterprise LANs
• We can combine wired and wireless for the ease of Enterprise LANs

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Ethernet
The types of Ethernet Physical Layer Standards
• Physical cables are used to connect two devices together
• Name depends on the speed
(www.EthernetAlliance.org)

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Ethernet Cont..
How it looks in real time

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Ethernet Cont..
SFP – Small Form factor Pluggable
• Its just a new replacement to end connector

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Ethernet Cont..
Ethernet Cables
• Types :
• 1. Straight Through Cable
• 2. Crossover Cable
Crossover cable : To connect same devices

Straight Through cable : To connect different devices

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Ethernet Cont..
Ethernet are UTP cable
• They are twisted to reduce cross talk.
• 10BASE-T 1,2,3,6
• 100BASE-T 1,2,3,6
• 1000BASE-T 1,2,3,6,4 and 5, 7 and 8

The spare pairs may be used for power over Ethernet (PoE),

for two plain old telephone service (POTS) lines,

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Big Picture
How normally the Cross over and Straight thru cable.
Mdix is used to detect the device
and change cable properties

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Fiber Cable :
• Fiber cables are made of glass.
• Here in the fiber cable is made of fiberglass.

• Only fiber glass cannot help us with the Not this glass
sending and receiving of data so need some
protection which we will see in next slide.

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Fiber Cable Cont…

Components of Fiber glass

• Fiber cable is made of 5 components.

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Fiber Cable Cont…

Transmission types in Fiber optic

• Transmission on Single mode Fiber • Transmission on Multi mode Fiber

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Sending Data in Ethernet Networks
• Here we will talk how a frame is being forwarded in the Ethernet or Layer
2 Network

Ethernet Frame looks like below

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Unicast , Multicast and Broadcast
• Unicast :
• Sending traffic from one point to another point.

• Multicast : In the image I am using IP address but same

• Sending traffic to a group of devices. Applies to MAC address

• Broadcast :
• Sending traffic to all

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Ethernet Addressing or MAC Address
• 6 Byte long or 48 bit address - 0000.0C12.3456.
• These addresses are always unique not like IP address.

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Categories of MAC address
• Unicast address - It could be any MAC
• Multicast address - 0100-5E
• Broadcast address - FFFF-FFFF-FFFF

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Identifying Network Layer Protocols with the Ethernet Type Field

• Type field identifies the type of Layer 3 or Network Layer sits in the frame.

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 Error Detection with FCS

• Ethernet defines a way to detect some change in the frame because of network congestions etc.,
• The Ethernet Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field in the Ethernet trailer.

Uses complex Does the same

math formula to formula to find
the frame before the result and
sending it. Result then it compares
is stored in FCS. It is not error recovery its error
detection

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 Key – How Switch works
• Key topics are important to understand before we talk about next topic.

CAM Table – Content Address Memory

VLAN Mac add. TYPE PORT

1 DYNAMIC
1
1
1

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Sending Ethernet Frames with Switches and Hubs
• A Hub is a Half duplex guy and Switch is Full duplex.

1. Sending in Modern Ethernet LANs Using Full Duplex

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 2.Using Half Duplex with HUB
• Hub’s came before Switches.
• HUB connected device can either send or receive the frames.
• Please Note : HUB is half duplex not the devices connected to it.

How to avoid collision ??

• CSMA/CD –Carrier Sense Multi Access / Collision Detection.

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Why am I studying about half duplex as the HUBs are no more

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