SQL Server

(Lecture 4)

Aga Private Institute for Computer Science

Programing Department
5th Stage
CREATE TABLE ?

DROP TABLE ?

ALTER TABLE?

SQL Constrains?

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 CREATE TABLE

Creating a basic table involves naming the table and defining

its columns and each column's data type.
The SQL CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a new table.

Syntax : CREATE TABLE table_name (

column1 datatype ,
column2 datatype ,
column3 datatype ,
.....
columnN datatype ,
PRIMARY KEY( one or more columns )
;(

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 CREATE TABLE

Example:

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS (

ID INT NOT NULL,
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL,
AGE INT NOT NULL,
ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2),
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);

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 DROP TABLE
The SQL DROP TABLE statement is used to remove a table
definition and all data, triggers, constraints, and permission
specifications for that table.

Syntax: DROP TABLE table_name ;

Example: DROP TABLE ORDERS ;

NOTE: You have to be careful while using this command because once a
table is deleted then all the information available in the table would also be
lost forever.

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 ALTER TABLE
The ALTER TABLE statement is used to add, delete, or modify
table or columns name or data types in an existing table.
1To add a column in a table
To delete a column in a table
2
To change the data type of a column in a table

3 To rename table name

To rename column name

4

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 ALTER TABLE

1. To add a column in a table, use the

following syntax:

syntax ALTER TABLE table_name

ADD column_name datatype ;

ALTER TABLE Student

Example
ADD Age int ;
 ALTER TABLE

2. To delete a column in a table, use the

following syntax

syntax ALTER TABLE table_name

DROP COLUMN column_name ;

ALTER TABLE student

Example
DROP COLUMN salary ;
 ALTER TABLE

3. To change the data type of a column in a

table, use the following syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name
syntax
ALTER COLUMN column_name new_datatype ;

ALTER TABLE Student

Example
ALTER COLUMN phone int ;
 ALTER TABLE

4. To rename table name , use the

following syntax:

syntax sp_RENAME ‘ old_table_name ’ , ‘ new_table_name ’ ;

Example Sp_RENAME ‘ Employees ’ , ‘ Emps ’ ;

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 ALTER TABLE
5. To rename column name , use the
following syntax:

syntax Sp_RENAME ‘Tbl_name.Col_name ’ , ‘ new_Col_name ’ , ‘COLUMN

’;
Example Sp_RENAME ‘ Tbl1.Names ’ , ‘ Full_Name ’ , ‘ COLUMN ’ ;

Note : May be not write COLUMN

SQL Constraints

SQL
Constraints
All constraint can be defined in either a CREATE TABLE
statement or an ALTER TABLE Statement.
 SQL Constraints

Constraints are the rules enforced on data columns on table

Following are commonly used constraints available in SQL:

• NOT NULL : Ensures that a column cannot have NULL value.

• DEFAULT : Provides a default value for a column when none is specified.
• UNIQUE : Ensures that all values in a column are different.
• PRIMARY Key: Uniquely identified each rows/records in a database
table.
• FOREIGN Key: Uniquely identified a rows/records in any another
database table.
• CHECK : Ensures that all values in a column satisfy certain conditions.

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 NOT NULL Constraint:

By default, a column can hold NULL values. If you do not want a column to
have a NULL value, then you need to define such constraint on this column
specifying that NULL is now not allowed for that column.

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS
(
(
ID INT NOT NULL ,
ID INT NOT NULL ,
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL ,
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL ,
AGE INT NOT NULL ,
AGE INT NOT NULL ,
ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2)
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2)
;(
;(
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 DEFAULT Constraint:

The DEFAULT constraint provides a default value to a column when the

INSERT INTO statement does not provide a specific value

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS

(
ID INT NOT NULL ,
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL ,
AGE INT NOT NULL, ,
ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
SALARY DECIMAL (6, 2) DEFAULT 500.00
;(

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ADD CONSTRAINT

ALTER TABLE TABLE_NAME ADD CONSTRAINT

(CONSTRAINT_ NAME ) DEFAULT(DEFAULT_VALUE) FOR
AGE

Drop CONSTRAINT

ALTER TABLE TABLE_NAME DROP CONSTRAINT

(CONSTRAINT_ NAME )
 UNIQUE Constraint:

The UNIQUE Constraint prevents two records from having identical values
in a particular column.

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS

(
ID INT NOT NULL ,
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL ,
AGE INT NOT NULL UNIQUE ,
ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2) DEFAULT 500.00
;(

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ADD CONSTRAINT

ALTER TABLE TABLE_NAME ADD CONSTRAINT

(CONSTRAINT_ NAME ) Unique(column name)

Drop CONSTRAINT

ALTER TABLE TABLE_NAME DROP CONSTRAINT

(CONSTRAINT_ NAME )
 ‫يةك لة دواي يةك‬
‫ــةوة دةست‬1 ‫لةذمارةي‬
‫ثيَبكة‬
Identity

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS

(
ID INT IDENTITY (1,1),
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL ,
AGE INT NOT NULL ,
Primary key(id)
);
 PRIMARY Key:

 Primary keys must contain unique values.

 A primary key column cannot have NULL values.

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS

(
ID INT IDENTITY (1,1) PRIMARY KEY ,
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL ,
AGE INT NOT NULL ,
ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2) DEFAULT 500.00
;(

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CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS
(
ID INT IDENTITY (1,1),
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL ,
AGE INT NOT NULL ,
Primary key(id)
);

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS

(
ID INT IDENTITY (1,1) ,
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL ,
AGE INT NOT NULL ,
Constraint PK_Cons Primary key(id)
;(
ID NAME ADRES AGE

1 ARAM KALAR 26

2 BANAZ KIFRI 19

3 MOHAMAD KALAR 22

4 KARWAN SLEMANI 23

5 ARAM HAWLER 30
 FOREIGN Key:

 Sometimes called a referencing key.

 Foreign Key is a column or a combination of columns

whose values match a Primary Key in a different table.

 A foreign key is a key used to link two tables together.

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 FOREIGN Key:
CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS
CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS
CUSTOMERS table ( (
ID INT IDENTITY (1,1) PRIMARY KEY ,
ID INT IDENTITY (1,1) PRIMARY KEY ,
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL ,
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL ,
AGE INT NOT NULL ,
AGE INT NOT NULL ,
ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2) DEFAULT 500.00
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2) DEFAULT 500.00
;(
;(
CREATE TABLE ORDERS
ORDERS table ( CREATE TABLE ORDERS
(ID INT NOT NULL,
ID DATETIME,
DATE INT NOT NULL,
DATE DATETIME,
CUSTOMER_ID INT REFERENCES CUSTOMERS (ID),
AMOUNT double,INT REFERENCES CUSTOMERS (ID),
CUSTOMER_ID
AMOUNT
PRIMARY KEYdouble,
(ID)
;( PRIMARY KEY (ID)
;(
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 FOREIGN Key:
CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS
CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS
CUSTOMERS table ( (
ID INT IDENTITY (1,1) PRIMARY KEY ,
ID INT IDENTITY (1,1) PRIMARY KEY ,
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL ,
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL ,
AGE INT NOT NULL ,
AGE INT NOT NULL ,
ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2) DEFAULT 500.00
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2) DEFAULT 500.00
;(
;(
CREATE TABLE ORDERS
ORDERS table ( CREATE TABLE ORDERS
(ID INT NOT NULL,
ID DATETIME,
DATE INT NOT NULL,
DATE DATETIME,
CUSTOMER_ID INT Foreign key CUSTOMERS (ID),
AMOUNT double,INT Foreign key CUSTOMERS (ID),
CUSTOMER_ID
AMOUNT
PRIMARY KEYdouble,
(ID)
;( PRIMARY KEY (ID)
;(
 CHECK Constraint:

 The CHECK Constraint enables a condition to check the

value being entered into a record.
 If the condition evaluates to false, the record violates
the constraint and isn’t entered into the table.
CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS
(
ID INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY ,
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL ,
AGE INT NOT NULL CHECK (AGE >= 18) ,
ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2) DEFAULT 500.00
;(

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ADD CONSTRAINT

ALTER TABLE TABLE_NAME ADD CONSTRAINT

(CONSTRAINT_ NAME ) Check(column name)

Drop CONSTRAINT

ALTER TABLE TABLE_NAME DROP CONSTRAINT

(CONSTRAINT_ NAME )