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Discrete-Time Filter Design by Windowing: Quote of The Day

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44 views

Discrete-Time Filter Design by Windowing: Quote of The Day

Uploaded by

allabakas
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Discrete-Time Filter Design by Windowing

Quote of the Day


In mathematics you don't understand things.
You just get used to them.
Johann von Neumann

Content and Figures are from Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 2e by Oppenheim, Shafer, and Buck, ©1999-2000 Prentice Hall Inc.
Filter Design by Windowing
• Simplest way of designing FIR filters
• Method is all discrete-time no continuous-time involved
• Start with ideal frequency response
 
 
Hd e   hd ne
j

n  
 j n
hd n 
1
2 
Hd e j
e j n
d  
• Choose ideal frequency response as desired response
• Most ideal impulse responses are of infinite length
• The easiest way to obtain a causal FIR filter from ideal is

hd n 0  n  M
hn  
 0 else

• More generally
1 0  n  M
hn  hd nwn where wn  
0 else

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 2


Windowing in Frequency Domain
• Windowed frequency response

 
H e j 
1

2  
Hd e  
j
W e 
j    
d
• The windowed version is smeared version of desired response

• If w[n]=1 for all n, then W(ej) is pulse train with 2 period


Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 3
Properties of Windows
• Prefer windows that concentrate around DC in frequency
– Less smearing, closer approximation
• Prefer window that has minimal span in time
– Less coefficient in designed filter, computationally efficient
• So we want concentration in time and in frequency
– Contradictory requirements
• Example: Rectangular window
 jM / 2 sin  M  1 / 2
 j  M  1 
  1  e
M
W e j   e  j n   e
n0 1  e  j sin  / 2

• Demo

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 4


Rectangular Window
• Narrowest main lob
– 4/(M+1)
– Sharpest transitions at
discontinuities in
frequency

• Large side lobs


– -13 dB
– Large oscillation
around discontinuities

• Simplest window
possible
1 0nM
 
wn  
0 else

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 5


Bartlett (Triangular) Window
• Medium main lob
– 8/M

• Side lobs
– -25 dB

• Hamming window
performs better

• Simple equation

 2n / M 0  n  M/2

wn  2  2n / M M / 2  n  M
 0 else

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 6


Hanning Window
• Medium main lob
– 8/M

• Side lobs
– -31 dB

• Hamming window
performs better

• Same complexity as
Hamming
1   2n 
 1  cos  0  n  M
wn  2   M 
 0 else

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 7


Hamming Window
• Medium main lob
– 8/M

• Good side lobs


– -41 dB

• Simpler than Blackman

  2n 
0.54  0.46 cos  0nM
wn    M 
 0 else

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 8


Blackman Window
• Large main lob
– 12/M

• Very good side lobs


– -57 dB

• Complex equation
  2n   4n 
0.42  0.5 cos   0.08 cos  0nM
wn    M   M 
 0 else

• Windows Demo

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 9


Incorporation of Generalized Linear Phase
• Windows are designed with linear phase in mind
– Symmetric around M/2

wM  n 0  n  M
wn  
 0 else
• So their Fourier transform are of the form

   
W e j  We e j e jM / 2  
where We e j is a real and even
• Will keep symmetry properties of the desired impulse response
• Assume symmetric desired response
 
Hd e j  He e j e  jM / 2  
• With symmetric window

 
Ae e j

1

2  
He e  
j
W e 
j    
d
– Periodic convolution of real functions

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 10


Linear-Phase Lowpass filter
• Desired frequency response
e  jM / 2   c
j
Hlp e   
 0 c    
• Corresponding impulse
response
sin c n  M / 2 
hlp n 
n  M / 2
• Desired response is even
symmetric, use symmetric
window
sin c n  M / 2 
hn  wn
 n  M / 2 

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 11


Kaiser Window Filter Design Method
• Parameterized equation
forming a set of windows
– Parameter to change main-
lob width and side-lob area
trade-off

  2

 I0  1   n  M / 2 
 
  M/2  
wn     0nM
 I0  

 0 else

– I0(.) represents zeroth-order


modified Bessel function of
1st kind

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 12


Determining Kaiser Window Parameters
• Given filter specifications Kaiser developed empirical equations
– Given the peak approximation error  or in dB as A=-20log10 
– and transition band width   s  p
• The shape parameter  should be
 0.1102 A  8.7 A  50

  0.5842 A  21  0.07886 A  21 21  A  50
0.4

 0 A  21

• The filter order M is determined approximately by


A8
M
2.285

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 13


Example: Kaiser Window Design of a Lowpass Filter
• Specifications p  0.4, p  0.6, 1  0.01, 2  0.001
• Window design methods assume 1  2  0.001
• Determine cut-off frequency
– Due to the symmetry we can choose it to be c  0.5
• Compute
  s  p  0.2 A  20 log10   60
• And Kaiser window parameters
  5.653 M  37
• Then the impulse response is given as
  2
  n  18.5  
I0 5.653 1   
 18 .5
hn   sin0.5n  18.5     
 0nM
 n  18.5 I0 5.653
 0 else

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 14


Example Cont’d

Approximation Error

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 15


General Frequency Selective Filters
• A general multiband impulse response can be written as
Nmb
sin k n  M / 2
hmb n    Gk  Gk 1 
k 1 n  M / 2

• Window methods can be applied to multiband filters


• Example multiband frequency response
– Special cases of
• Bandpass
• Highpass
• Bandstop

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 16

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