Scribd
Upload
25 views

The Cell

The Cell Theory states that all living things are composed of cells, the cell is the basic functional and structural unit of living organisms, and all cells come from pre-existing cells. Key discoveries in the 17th-18th centuries by scientists like Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, and Schwann led to the development of the Cell Theory. Modern cells are now understood to contain complex internal structures like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes that allow the cell to function as a basic unit of life.

Uploaded by

Zay Salazar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
25 views

The Cell

The Cell Theory states that all living things are composed of cells, the cell is the basic functional and structural unit of living organisms, and all cells come from pre-existing cells. Key discoveries in the 17th-18th centuries by scientists like Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, and Schwann led to the development of the Cell Theory. Modern cells are now understood to contain complex internal structures like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes that allow the cell to function as a basic unit of life.

Uploaded by

Zay Salazar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 33

The Cell Theory

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND -
HOOKE
• The cell was first discovered and
named by Robert Hooke in 1665.
• He remarked that it looked like
small rooms which monks
inhabited, thus deriving the name.
• Hooke saw was the dead cell
walls of plant cells (cork) as it
appeared under the microscope.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND -
LEEUWENHOEK
• Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
-Father of Microbiology
• Perfected early microscopes and
their use
• The first man to witness a live
cell under a microscope .
• Discovered single-celled
organisms, protists and bacteria
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND –
GERMANS
• 1838 – Matthias Schleiden: all plants are
made of cells
• 1839 – Thomas Schwann: all animals are
made of cells
• 1855 – Rudolf Virchow: new cells can only
emerge from two previous cells dividing
• All of these discoveries
lead to the Cell Theory
CELL THEORY

1. All living things are composed of cells


(some unicellular, some multi-cellular)
2. The cell is the basic functional and
structural unit of all living organisms.
3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
THE MODERN TENETS OF THE CELL THEORY INCLUDE:

1. All known living things are made up of cells.


2. The cell is structural & functional unit of all living
things.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells by division.
(Spontaneous Generation does not occur).
4. Cells contains hereditary information which is passed
from cell to cell during cell division.
5. All cells are basically the same in chemical
composition.
6. All energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of life
occurs within cells.
NEW DISCOVERIES…
• Cellular structure and function
is very complex
• Cells seem to have their own
machinery
• Organelles work together to
make the cell a small factory –
more complex and efficient
than any human factory
• Discoveries made possible by
better microscopes,
biochemistry, DNA research
BETTER SCOPES

• Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM’s):


electrons pass through thins slices of specimens to
create the image
• TEM’s show cell structure and protein molecule
structure
• Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM’s):
electrons bounce off specimen to create a 3-D image
Electron microscopes can only work in a vacuum so
only non-living, preserved specimens can be used
POLLEN UNDER SEM
BETTER SCOPES
• Scanning Probe
Microscopes developed
in 1990’s use a probe
instead of an electron
beam
• Can even show images
at atomic level
• Vacuum not necessary
• Used to show protein
structure, DNA, other
cellular structures
A View of the Cell
THE HISTORY OF THE CELL

The Cell
• The basic unit of an organism
• Discovery made possible by the
invention of the microscope
MICROSCOPE
13

• Instrument for
observing small
objects
Revolving
Eyepiece
nosepiece
Body tube
Objective Course
adjustment
Clip Fine adjustment

Condenser Arm

Iris diaphragm Stage


Condenser
Mirror control knob
Base
THE CELL AND ITS PARTS
NUCLEUS AND NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEUS

• The nucleus controls the cell's activities and contains


all the genetic material (46 chromosomes in humans).
• The nucleolus is involved in the synthesis of
ribosomal RNA. It is a dark body inside the nucleus.
• The nuclear membrane keeps DNA inside the nucleus
but allows mRNA and proteins through. It is a double
membrane with large pores.
THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• Ribosomes are minute particles consisting of
RNA and associated proteins that function to
synthesize proteins.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum is a network of tubules
and flattened sacs that produce and process
lipids and proteins in plant and animal cells.
• Rough ER - plays a central role in the
synthesis of proteins.
• Smooth ER - makes cellular products like
hormones and lipids.
THE GOLGI APPARATUS
20
THE GOLGI APPARATUS

• The Golgi apparatus is an


organelle in eukaryotic
organisms that moves
molecules from the
endoplasmic reticulum to
their destination.
• The organelle also modifies
products of the endoplasmic
reticulum to their final form.
LYSOSOMES
• A lysosome is a membrane-bound cell organelle that
contains digestive enzymes.
• Lysosomes are involved with various cell processes.
• They break down excess or worn-out cell parts.
• They may be used to destroy invading viruses and
bacteria.
VACUOLES
• Vacuoles are storage bubbles found
in cells.
• They are found in both animal and
plant cells but are much larger in
plant cells.
• Vacuoles might store food or any
variety of nutrients a cell might
need to survive.
• They can even store waste products.
PEROXISOMES

• Peroxisomes are otherwise known as microbodies.


• Peroxisomes are small, membrane-enclosed cellular
organelles containing oxidative enzymes that are
involved in a variety of metabolic reactions, including
several aspects of energy metabolism.
• They are key metabolic organelles, which contribute
to cellular lipid metabolism
CHLOROPLASTS

• Chloroplast is an organelle that contains the photosynthetic


pigment chlorophyll that captures sunlight and converts it into
useful energy, thereby, releasing oxygen from water.
• Chloroplasts absorb sunlight and use it in conjunction with
water and carbon dioxide gas to produce food for the plant.
• Chloroplasts capture light energy from the sun to produce the
free energy stored in ATP and NADPH through a process called
photosynthesis.
CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE
27
MITOCHONDRIA
• Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles
(mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the
chemical energy needed to power the cell's
biochemical reactions.
• Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is
stored in a small molecule called adenosine
triphosphate (ATP).
CYTOSKELETON
• The cytoskeleton is a structure that helps cells
maintain their shape and internal organization, and
it also provides mechanical support that enables
cells to carry out essential functions like division
and movement.
• The cytoskeleton is composed of at least three
different types of fibers: microtubules,
microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
CYTOSKELETON
CYTOSKELETON
• Microtubules are hollow rods functioning primarily
to help support and shape the cell and as "routes"
along which organelles can move.
• Microfilaments or actin filaments are thin, solid
rods that are active in muscle contraction.
• Intermediate filaments can be abundant in many
cells and provide support for microfilaments and
microtubules by holding them in place.
CENTRIOLES
• Typically found in eukaryotic
cells, centrioles are cylindrical
(tube-like) structures/organelles
composed of microtubules.
• Centrioles aid in cell division by
facilitating the separation of
chromosomes.
• Apart from cell division,
centrioles are also involved in
the formation of cilia and
flagella and thus contribute to
cell movement.

You might also like