Characteristics

of a
Practical Transformer
and
Standard Ratings of a Transformer
 Introduction of Transformer
-A transformer is a passive component that transfers electrical
energy from one electrical circuit to another circuit, or multiple
circuits. A varying current in any one coil of the transformer
produces a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, which
induces a varying electromotive force across any other coils wound
around the same core. Electrical energy can be transferred between
separate coils without a metallic (conductive) connection between
the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction, discovered in 1831,
describes the induced voltage effect in any coil due to a changing
magnetic flux encircled by the coil.
 -Transformers are most commonly used for increasing low AC voltages at high
current (a step-up transformer) or decreasing high AC voltages at low current (a
step-down transformer) in electric power applications, and for coupling the stages
of signal-processing circuits. Transformers can also be used for isolation, where the
voltage in equals the voltage out, with separate coils not electrically bonded to one
another. Since the invention of the first constant-potential transformer in 1885,
transformers have become essential for the transmission, distribution, and
utilization of alternating current electric power. A wide range of transformer
designs is encountered in electronic and electric power applications. Transformers
range in size from RF transformers less than a cubic centimeter in volume, to units
weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect the power grid.
 Electric grid or Power grid

http://www.ucsusa.org/clean-energy/how-electricity-grid-works#.Vft2dLQ-DVo
 Electric grid or Power grid
-An electrical grid is an interconnected network for electricity
delivery from producers to consumers. Electrical grids vary in size
and can cover whole countries or continents. It consists of:

*power stations: often located near energy and away from heavily
populated areas
*electrical substations to step voltage up or down
*electric power transmission to carry power long distances
*electric power distribution to individual customers, where voltage
is stepped down again to the required service voltage(s).

-Although electrical grids are widespread, as of 2016, 1.4 billion people

worldwide were not connected to an electricity grid.[2] As electrification increases,
the number of people with access to grid electricity is growing. About 840 million
people (mostly in Africa) had no access to grid electricity in 2017, down from 1.2
billion in 2010.
 Electric grid or Power grid

-Electrical grids can be prone to malicious intrusion or attack; thus, there is a

need for electric grid security. Also as electric grids modernize and introduce
computer technology, cyber threats start to become a security risk. Particular
concerns relate to the more complex computer systems needed to manage grids.

-Grids are nearly always synchronous, meaning all distribution areas operate
with three phase alternating current (AC) frequencies synchronized (so that
voltage swings occur at almost the same time). This allows transmission of AC
power throughout the area, connecting a large number of electricity generators
and consumers and potentially enabling more efficient electricity markets and
redundant generation.

-The combined transmission and distribution network is part of electricity

delivery, known as the "power grid" in North America, or just "the grid". In the
United Kingdom, India, Tanzania, Myanmar, Malaysia and New Zealand, the
network is known as the National Grid.
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

• The transformer is working under the principle of electromagnetic induction.

• By using this principle, which transfers electrical energy from one winding to
another winding by mutual induction between the two windings.
• An alternating flux is established in the magnetic core when the primary winding
is energized from an ac source (V1) and the secondary is open circuited.
• This flux links both the primary and secondary windings; thereby an emf is
induced in them due to the rate of change of flux linka.
 CONSTRUCTION

The essential parts in a transformer are:

1. A good magnetic core

2. Two windings
3. A time varying magnetic flux.

• The transformer core is made of sheet steel or silicon

steel with high permeability and low hysteresis.
• The transformer core is used to provide a continuous
magnetic path with small air gap.
• The sheets are laminated and coated with an oxide layer
to reduce eddy current loss.
• Using a special grade of heat-treated grain-oriented
silicon steel laminations
can minimize the hysteresis loss.
• The thickness of lamination is 0.35mm for 50Hz of
frequency and 0.5mm for
25Hz of frequency of operation.
 TYPES OF WINDINGS

The transformer is having two windings

1. Primary windings
2. Secondary windings.

• The winding, which receives electrical energy, is called the primary winding.
• The winding, which delivers electrical energy, is known as secondary winding.
• They are made of copper.
• The windings are stationary and the magnetic flux is changing.
• Hence the emf is induced on the secondary winding.
• This kind of induced emf is called as statically induced emf.
 Types of transformer

• According to the transformer construction, they are classified into two types.
(a) Core type transformer
(b) Shell type transformer
• In the core type transformers, the windings surround the core whereas in shell
type transformers, the core surrounds the windings.
• In both core and shell type transformers, the laminations are cut in the form
of L, E and I shape to avoid high reluctance at the joints
 Characteristics of a Practical Transformer

-The practical transformer isendowed withblemishes

suchas winding resistance, core losses, leakage inductance,
exciting current, non-linearity, and an ineffective thermal
situation. The core can have residual magnetism and some
core materials will suffer irreversible damage from an
excessive temperature rise.
 Characteristics of a Practical Transformer

A practical transformer is the one which has following properties −

• The primary and secondary windings have finite resistance.

• There is a leakage flux, i.e., whole of the flux is not confined to the magnetic circuit.
• The magnetic core has finite permeability, thus a considerable amount of mmf is require
to establish flux in the core.
• There are losses in the transformer due to winding resistances, hysteresis and eddy
currents. Therefore, the efficiency of a practical transformer is less than 100 %.
 Characteristics of a Practical Transformer

Winding Resistances
As the windings of a transformer are made up of copper conductors. Therefore, both the
primary and secondary windings will have winding resistances, which produce the copper loss
or I2R loss in the transformer. The primary winding resistance R1 and the secondary winding
resistance R2 act in series with the respective windings (see the figure).

Iron Losses or Core Losses

The core of the transformer is subjected to the alternating magnetic flux, hence there occurs
eddy current loss and hysteresis loss in the core. The hysteresis loss and eddy current loss
together are known as iron losses or core losses. The iron losses of the transformer depend
upon the supply frequency, maximum flux density in the core, volume of the core and
thickness of the laminations etc. In a practical transformer, the magnitude of iron losses is
very small.
 Characteristics of a Practical Transformer
Magnetic Leakage or Leakage Flux
As the current through the primary winding produces flux. The flux ϕm which links both the windings is
the useful flux and is known as mutual flux. Although, a part of the flux (ϕ1) produced by the primary
current does not link with the secondary winding. When load is connected across the secondary winding,
a current flows through it and produces a flux (ϕ2), which links only with the secondary winding. Thus,
the fluxes such as ϕ1 or ϕ2 which links only one winding is known as leakage flux.

The leakage flux paths are mainly through the air which has very high reluctance. Therefore, the effect of
primary leakage flux (ϕ1) is to introduce an inductive reactance (X1) in series with the primary winding.
Similarly, the secondary leakage flux (ϕ) introduces an inductive reactance (X2) in series with the
secondary winding (see the figure).
*However, the leakage flux in a practical transformer is
very small (about 5% of ϕm), yet it cannot be ignored.
Because, the leakage flux paths are through the air, which
has very high reluctance. As a result, it requires
considerable mmf.
Finite Permeability of Core Material
In general, the practical transformers have a core made up of silicon steel, which has a specific relative
permeability (μr). Hence, the core saturates at a certain value of magnetic flux density. Therefore, the core
of a practical transformer has finite permeability and hence possess reluctance in the path of magnetic
flux.
Take a look at Figure 2. It shows a sketch of
a real single-phase transformer. It consists
of two windings.One on the left side which
is the primary winding and the other is on
the other side which is called thesecondary
winding. These windings are electrical wires
wounded at each side of the core. Np
and Ns are the number of turns at each
winding. The subscript “P” and “S” indicates
the number of turns in the primary and
secondary respectively.
These windings are wrapped around a
common ferromagnetic core.The primary
winding is connected to an ac voltage
source. Now the windings in both sides are
not physically connected.

Figure 2 A Real Single -Phase Transformer

The following are the main characteristics of a
practical transformer:
1. It uses electromagnetic induction in
transforming voltage levels.
2. The input and output power of a
transformer has the same frequency.
3. This electrical machine is static, therefore
there are no losses due to air resistance and
friction unlikeelectric motors.
4. It has copper losses since the windings are
electrical wire with resistance no matter how
small.
Standard Rating of a Transformers

There are four major ratings of a

transformer. These are the voltage,
frequency, current and apparent power.
Voltage Rating
The voltage rating of a transformer has
two function.
1.. To protect the winding insulation
from failing because of an excessive
voltage applied.
2. To have an idea about the
magnetizing current and its
magnetization curve of a transformer
Winding insulation may fail if excessive
voltage is applied across the winding.
Frequency Rating
Apparent Power
Rating of a
Transformer
Together with the voltage rating, the primary
purpose of the apparent power of the
transformer is to set the current flows through
the transformer windings. The heating of the
transformer coils depends on thecurrent flow
through it. The apparent power rating of the
transformer has to account for the nature of
theload since loads are not purely resistive.
THANK YOU :>

Prepared by: JIMENEZ,

JERICO T.
BSEE