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Lecture 1-Introduction Instrumentation and Control Introduction

Instrumentation is the measurement and control of process variables using sensors, transmitters and controllers. It has three main objectives: safe plant operation, quality and production optimization, and cost reduction. The key components of instruments are sensors, transducers, signal processors, converters, amplifiers/attenuators, wires and recorders. Sensors measure process variables and transducers convert the measured values to standardized signals. Chart recorders provide instant visual feedback while data loggers allow unattended long-term monitoring.

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Abdul Rehman
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26 views

Lecture 1-Introduction Instrumentation and Control Introduction

Instrumentation is the measurement and control of process variables using sensors, transmitters and controllers. It has three main objectives: safe plant operation, quality and production optimization, and cost reduction. The key components of instruments are sensors, transducers, signal processors, converters, amplifiers/attenuators, wires and recorders. Sensors measure process variables and transducers convert the measured values to standardized signals. Chart recorders provide instant visual feedback while data loggers allow unattended long-term monitoring.

Uploaded by

Abdul Rehman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INSTRUMENTATIO

N & CONTROL
– AN INTRODUCTION

Lecture no. 1
CONTENTS

 Instrumentation
 Objectives of Instrumentation & Control
 Components of Instruments

2
Instrumentation is defined as:

“The art and science of


measurement and control".

3
According to ISA (Instrumentation and Systems
Automation Society), the official definition of

Instrumentation - is a collection of
instruments and their application for
the purpose of
 Observation,
 Measurement

& / or
 Control

4
According to Process Engineers:

Instrumentation is the art of measuring the


value of some plant parameter, pressure, flow,
level or temperature etc.
&
Supplying a signal that is proportional to the
measured parameter.

The output signals are standard signal and


can then be processed by other equipment to
provide indication, alarms or automatic
control. 5
WHAT IS AN INSTRUMENT?

Instruments are devices which


are used in measuring
attributes of physical systems.
They are the devices that
measures or manipulates
variables.

 Measuring Instruments
 Control Instruments

6
 Transmitters:

Transmitters are devices which produce an


analog signal in the form of:
A 4–20 mA electrical current signal
OR
 A pneumatic signal of the range 3-15 psi

7
1. MANUAL CONTROL

Process control diagram shows the manual control of a heat


exchanger process loop 8
2. AUTOMATIC CONTROL

Process control diagram shows the automatic control of a heat


exchanger process loop 9
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL
OBJECTIVES

The primary objectives of the designer when


specifying instrumentation and control
schemes are:

1. Safe plant operation


2. Product quality & Production rate
3. Cost

10
These are not separate objectives and must be
considered together. For example, it may be a
better strategy:

To produce a better-quality product at a higher cost.


OR

To achieve higher production rate at a higher cost


OR

To achieve the present production rate at a reduced


cost

14
COMPONENTS OF
INSTRUMENTS
COMPONENTS OF INSTRUMENTS
 Sensors
 Transducers

 Signal Processor

 A/D and D/A convertors

 Amplifiers / Attenuators

 Hook-up Wires

 Recorders

16
SENSORS
17
Sense

Convert Detect

Sensor

Measure Infer

18
PROPERTIES OF A GOOD SENSOR:
A good sensor:
 Is sensitive to the measured property

 Is insensitive to any other property likely to be


encountered in its application
 Does not influence the measured property

 Ideal sensors are designed to be linear or


linear to some simple mathematical function
of the measurement.

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SENSOR SENSITIVITY:
  

 It indicates how much the sensor's output


changes when the measured quantity changes.
 If the mercury in a thermometer moves 1 cm when the
temperature changes by 1 °C, the sensitivity is 1 cm/°C.

 Sensors that measure very small changes must have very


high sensitivities.

20
SENSOR DEVIATIONS
If the sensor is not ideal, several types of
deviations can be observed:

 Since the range of the output signal is always


limited, the output signal will eventually reach a
minimum or maximum when the measured
property exceeds the limits.
 The output signal is not zero when the
measured property is zero.
 The output signal may slowly change
independent of the measured property.
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SENSOR DEVIATIONS (CONT.)
 The sensor may to some extent be sensitive
to properties other than the property being
measured. For example, most sensors are
influenced by the temperature of their
environment.

 Ifthe sensor has a digital output, the output


is essentially an approximation of the
measured property. The approximation
error is also called digitization error.
22
SENSOR RESOLUTION
The resolution of a sensor is the smallest
change it can detect in the quantity that it is
measuring.

23
PROPERTIES WHICH CAN BE
MEASURED BY SENSORS:
 Sound, Vibration  Navigation
 Environment, Weather,  Optical, Light, Imaging
Moisture, Humidity  Pressure
 Composition, Weight  Position, Angle,
 Electric Current, Displacement,
Electric Potential Distance, Speed,
 Flow, Fluid Velocity Acceleration
 Force, Density, Level  Proximity

 Thermal, Heat,
Temperature

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Applications of Sensors?

25
TRANSDUCERS
26
INTRODUCTION
 A transducer is a device that converts one type of
energy to another.

 The conversion can be to/from electrical, electro-


mechanical, electromagnetic, photovoltaic, or any
other form of energy.

 A sensor differs from a transducer in the way that a


transducer converts one form of energy into other
form whereas a sensor converts the received signal
into electrical form only.

27
TYPES:
 Input transducer:
 Converts a physical signal to electric signal

 Output transducer (Actuator):


 Converts an electric signal to a non-electric signal
 An actuator accepts energy and produces action.

28
COMPONENTS OF INSTRUMENTS
 Sensors
 Transducers
 SignalProcessor
 A/D and D/A convertors
 Amplifiers / Attenuators
 Hook-up Wires
 Recorders

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RECORDERS
30 a) Chart Recorders
b) Data Loggers
a) CHART RECORDERS
 Strip chart recorders
 Circular chart recorders

 Roll chart recorders

31
APPLICATIONS
 Instant visual feedback is required

 Used where the need, opportunity or


technical ability to download and view data
on a computer is not available

32
b) DATA LOGGERS
 Ability to automatically collect data on a 24-
hour basis.
 Upon activation, data loggers are typically
deployed and left unattended to measure
and record information for the duration of
the monitoring period.
This allows for a comprehensive, accurate
picture of the environmental conditions being
monitored, such as air temperature and
relative humidity.
33
APPLICATIONS
 Unattended weather station recording (such as wind speed /
direction, temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation).
 Unattended hydrographic recording (such as water level,
water depth, water flow, water pH, water conductivity).
 Unattended soil moisture level recording.
 Unattended gas pressure recording.
 Process monitoring for maintenance and troubleshooting
applications.
 Process monitoring to verify warranty conditions
 Tank level monitoring.
 Load profile recording for energy consumption management.

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