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Outlines of The Lecture

This document provides an overview of symbolic logic and its utility. It discusses simple and compound statements, conjunction, truth functions, and truth tables. Conjunction is defined as a truth-functional connective meaning "and", represented by the dot symbol. A truth table is introduced as a way to systematically represent the truth values of compound statements based on the possible truth values of their components.

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AIVINOR AMS Business and Management (BGR)
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59 views

Outlines of The Lecture

This document provides an overview of symbolic logic and its utility. It discusses simple and compound statements, conjunction, truth functions, and truth tables. Conjunction is defined as a truth-functional connective meaning "and", represented by the dot symbol. A truth table is introduced as a way to systematically represent the truth values of compound statements based on the possible truth values of their components.

Uploaded by

AIVINOR AMS Business and Management (BGR)
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 17

Outlines of the Lecture:


 Symbolic Logic and its Utility
 Simple and Compound Statements
 Conjunction
 Truth Function
 Truth Table
Symbolic Logic

• To have a full understanding of deductive reasoning we need a general theory of


deduction.

• A general theory of deduction will have two objectives:


• (1) to explain the relations between premises and conclusions in
deductive arguments, and
• (2) to provide techniques for discriminating between valid and invalid
deductions.

• Two great bodies of logical theory have sought to achieve these ends:
– The first is called classical (or Aristotelian) logic.
– The second, called modern, symbolic, or mathematical logic.
Cont...
• Modern logic does not build on the system of syllogisms. It does not begin with
the analysis of categorical propositions.

• Modern logic begins by first identifying the fundamental logical connectives on


which deductive arguments depend.

• This analysis of deduction requires an artificial symbolic language.

• Symbols greatly facilitate our thinking about arguments.

• They enable us to get to the heart of an argument, exhibiting its essential nature
and putting aside what is not essential.

• with symbols we can perform, almost mechanically, with the eye, some logical
operations which might otherwise demand great effort.
Cont..
• Language may seems paradoxical, but a symbolic language therefore helps
us to accomplish some intellectual tasks without having to think too much.

• Modern symbolic logic is therefore not encumbered, as Aristotelian logic


was, by the need to transform deductive arguments into syllogistic form.
•
• The system of modern logic we now begin to explore is in some ways less
elegant than analytical syllogistics, but it is more powerful.
Statements
• Simple statement: A statement that does not contain any other statement as a
component.

• For example, “Charlie is neat”

• A compound statement does contain another statement as a component.

• For example, “Charlie is neat and Charlie is sweet” .

• Because, it contains two simple statements as components.

• Component: A part of a compound statement that is itself a statement,


and is of such a nature that, if replaced in the larger statement by any other statement,
the result will be meaningful.
Conjunction
• Conjunction: A truth-functional connective meaning “and,” symbolized by
the dot, •.
• A statement of the form p • q is true if and only if p is true and q is true.

• We can form the conjunction of two statements by placing the word “and” between
them; the two statements so combined are called conjuncts.

• Conjunct Each one of the component statements connected in a conjunctive statement

• Thus the compound statement, “Charlie is neat and Charlie is sweet,” is a conjunction
whose first conjunct is “Charlie is neat” and whose second conjunct is “Charlie is
sweet.”
• To have a unique symbol whose only function is to connect statements conjunctively,
we introduce the dot “ ” as our symbol for conjunction.

• Dot, the symbol for conjunction, •, meaning “and.”


Cont..
•Truth value: The status of any statement as true or false (T or F).

•Truth-functional component: Any component of a compound statement whose


replacement there by any other statement having the same truth value would leave
the truth value of the compound statement unchanged.

•Truth-functional compound statement: A compound statement whose truth value


is determined wholly by the truth values of its components.

•Truth-functional connective: Any logical connective (e.g., conjunction, disjunction,


material implication and material equivalence) between the components of a truth
functionally compound statement.

•A conjunction is a truth-functional compound statement, so our dot symbol


is a truth-functional connective.
Cont..
• Given any two statements, p and q, there are
only four possible sets of truth values they can have.

• These four possible cases, and the truth value of the conjunction in
each, can be displayed as follows:

• Where p is true and q is true, is true. TTT


Where p is true and q is false, is false. TFF
Where p is false and q is true, is false. FTF
Where p is false and q is false, is false. FFF
• A conjunction is a truth-functional compound statement, so our dot symbol
is a truth-functional connective.

• If we represent the truth values “true” and “false” by the capital letters T
and F, the determination of the truth value of a conjunction by the truth
values of its conjuncts can be represented more compactly and more clearly
by means of a truth table:

• p q p•q
T T T
• T F F
• F T F
• F F F
Truth Table
• Truth table: An array on which all possible truth values of
compound statements are displayed, through the display of all
possible combinations of the truth values of their simple
components.

• A truth table may be used to define truth functional connectives;

• it may also be used to test the validity of many deductive


arguments.

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