2CS304

Digital Communications
Semester-III
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Institute of Technology,
Nirma University
 Faculty involved

• Prof Sharada Valiveti

• Prof Chandan Trivedi
• Prof Parita Oza
• Prof Umesh Bodhke
Course Code & Name 2CS304-Digital Communications
Credit Details 2-1-0- 3 [ L-T-P-C ]
Course Co-coordinator Prof Chandan Trivedi
Contact No. & Email [email protected]
Course
https://lms.nirmauni.ac.in/course/view.php?id=1028
Blog/Website/LMS
Dr Sharada Valiveti, Prof Chandan Trivedi, Prof Parita Oza
Course Faculty
Prof. Umesh Bodkhe
[email protected], [email protected]
Contact No. & Email
[email protected], [email protected]
 Outline - Lecture-1
 Why Digital Communications?
 What to study?
– Syllabus & Course Outcomes
 How we study?
– Teaching and Examination Scheme
 Tutorial Class, Books, Resources
 Necessity of Communication and Networks
 Applications and Components of Communication
 Transmission modes and Topologies
 Introduction to
Digital Communications

• Communication is the need of the day

• Digital Communication – information is encoded digitally as discrete signals and electronically
transferred to the recipients
• Impact of communication on our daily lives
• Using the internet and mobile phones for interpersonal communication
• Businesses, banking, transportation systems, TV and radio broadcasts etc.
• This course orients the students about various aspects of data encoding for digital communication
and introduces the entire networking system to explore further in upcoming semesters

Course Outcomes (COs):

At the end of the course, students will be able to –
1. explain data/signal transmission over communication media
2. analyze various spread spectrum, multiplexing and modulation techniques
3. apply the concepts of data communication to solve various problems
 SYLLABUS
Unit I 7
Introduction to Data Communication: Components of network, its types and topology,
protocol. Network models: OSI reference model, TCP/IP protocol suite, Applications of data
communications Data Communications and Networking for Today's Enterprise
Unit II 4
Data and Signal: Types of Analog and digital signals and its characteristics, transmission of
digital signal, data rate limits, signals in time and frequency domain, transmission
impairment, performance measurement of network
Unit III 6
Digital Transmission: Digital to Digital and Analog to Digital conversions, Transmission
modes, Digital to Analog and Analog to Analog conversions
Unit IV 5
Multiplexing and Spread SpectrumTechniques: Switching techniques, types of switching,
structure of a switch, types of switches, telephone and cable network for data communication,
dial up modem, DSL lines, Cable TV
Unit V 4
Types of Errors: Detection versus correction, coding, block coding, cyclic codes, checksum,
forward error correction
Unit VI 4
Transmission Media: Guided media and unguided media: radio frequency allocation,
frequency reuse, propagation of radio waves, micro waves and infrared, satellite
communication, cellular telephony
 Suggested Readings

1. Behrouz Forouzan, Introduction to Data Communication

and Networking, Tata McGraw Hill
2. William Stallings, Data and Computer Communication,
PHI
3. Schweber W.L, Data Communication, Tata McGraw Hill
4. Andrew S Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, PHI
5. B.P. Lathi, Zhi Ding, Modern Digital and Analog
Communication, Oxford University Press
 Lesson Planning
Topics Hour(s) CO Applications
Mapping
Unit I [7] CO 1 Network design,
Introduction to Data Communication: Network
 Components of network, its types and topology, 2 programming
protocol.
4
 Network models: OSI reference model, TCP/IP
protocol suite,
 Applications 1
Unit II [4] CO1, Network Design and
Data and Signal: CO3 troubleshooting,
 Types of Analog and digital signals and its 1 Noise Removal
characteristics
 Transmission of digital signal, data rate limits, signals 2
in time and frequency domain
 Transmission impairment, performance measurement 1
of network
Unit III [6] CO2 Digital Data
Digital Transmission: Transmission, Radio
 Digital Transmission: Digital to digital and Analog to 3 and TV
digital conversion, Transmission modes Broadcasting
 Analog transmission: Digital to analog and analog to 3
analog conversion
Unit IV [5] CO2 Privacy of data,
Multiplexing and Spread Spreading Techniques: Anti-jamming
 Pseudo-Noise Sequence & DS Spread 2
Spectrum
1
 FH Spread Spectrum
 Multiple Access Techniques 2
Unit V [4] CO1,3 Error Detection &
Error Detection and Correction : Correction in
2
 Detection versus correction, coding, block Transmission
coding 2
 Cyclic codes, checksum, forward error
correction.
Unit VI [4] CO1 Home and
Transmission Media: College Network
2
 Guided media
2
 Unguided media
 Component wise Continuous Evaluation &
Semester End Examination weight-age

Component Continuous Evaluation SEE

Component
weightage 0.6 0.4

Quizzes(3) Assignments (2) Comprehensive

30% 30% Evaluation - 40%

Tutorials details:
The tutorials are planned as per the mentioned schedule and list is updated on LMS
 Course Assessment Schemes

• Continuous Evaluation (100 marks)

• Quizzes (30 marks)
• Assignments (30 marks)
• Comprehensive Evaluation (40 marks)
• Semester End Examination (100 marks)
 Online Class Engagement
Strategies
1. Involve the students during session (instead of lecturing them) and learn to
call students by names. This will help in ensuring that students stay
connected.
2. Asking questionnaire during the sessions which might help you to
understand and stay connected with the concepts.
3. Cooperative learning during doubt solving sessions
4. Discussion forums for asynchronous gap-filling and thread management
5. Adapt dynamically to the feedback and shift to high-order thinking skills
6. Extensive use of LMS for the course, as the students need to keep track of
himself/herself, pending submissions for all courses and grades attained
 Course Material
https://lms.nirmauni.ac.in/course/view.php?id=1028
• Course Policy
• PPTs, Notes, other Material
• Tutorials
• Question bank
• Web-links, Blogs, Video Lectures, Journals Animations /Simulations,
Software’s
• Advanced topics
• Industries/Organizations
Have a great semester ahead!!!

 
 Unit-1
Introduction
Chandan Trivedi
 Contents

• Introduction to Data Communications

• Components
• Topologies
• Networks
• Network Types
• Internet History
 Data Communications
• Communications
• Communicate means to share information
• Locally (Face to face) or remotely (telecommunication)
• Data
• Information presented in whatever form is agreed upon by parties creating and
using the data
• Data Communications
• Exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium
• Communicating devices must be part of communication system made up of a
combination of hardware (physical equipment) and software (programs)
 Data Communications
• Effectiveness depends on
• Delivery
• System must deliver data to the correct destination
• Accuracy
• System must deliver data accurately
• Timeliness
• System must deliver data in timely manner
• Jitter
• Variation in packet arrival time
Data Communications

Five components of data communication

 Data Communications

• Data Representation (Bit Pattern)

• Text – Unicode (32 bits), ASCII
• Numbers – digits converted to binary
• Images – matrix of pixels (picture elements)
• Each pixel is represented by bits to show colour of pixel
• Audio – recording or broadcasting sound or music
• Continuous and not discrete
• Video – recording or broadcasting a picture or a movie
• Can be continuous or discrete
Data Flow
 Networks

• Interconnection of a set of devices capable of

communication
• Device can be a host or a connecting device, connected
using wired or wireless medium
 Need of networks

• Resource sharing
– Hardware: printers, disks, terminals, etc.
– Data.
• Robustness
– Fault tolerance
• Load balancing
– Processing and data can be distributed over the network
• Location independence
– Users can access their files, etc. from anywhere in the network
 Networks: Network Criteria
• Performance
• Metrics include - Transit time, response time, number of users, type of
transmission medium, capabilities of the connected hardware, efficiency of
software, throughput and delay
• Reliability
• Frequency of failure, time taken for a link to recover from a failure,
network’s robustness in catastrophe
• Security
• Protecting data from unauthorized access, protecting data from damage and
development, implementing policies and procedures for recovery from
breaches and data losses
 Applications

• Marketing and sales

• Financial services
• Manufacturing
• Electronic data interchange (EDI)
• Electronic mail
• Video on demand
• Voice over IP
• Teleconferencing
 Networks: Physical Structures
• A network is two or more devices connected through links
• Two types of connections
• Point-to-point connection
• Dedicated link between two devices; entire capacity is reserved for the
two devices
• Multipoint connection
• More than two specific devices share same link
• Channel capacity is shared either temporally or spatially
Networks: Physical Structures
 Networks: Physical Topology
• Way in which network is laid physically
• Geometric representation of the relationship of all links and
linking devices (nodes) to one another
Networks: Physical Topology:
Mesh
• Dedicated link
• No. of physical links (n
nodes):
• n(n-1) – if simplex mode
• n(n-1)/2 – if full-duplex mode
• Eg. Each telephone regional
office is connected to every
other regional office
Networks: Physical Topology:
Star
• Each device has dedicated
link with the central
controller (hub)
• Does not allow direct traffic
between devices
• Controller relays the traffic
• Eg. LANs
 Networks: Physical Topology:
Bus

• Multipoint topology
• One long cable acts as a backbone to link all devices
• Nodes connected by drop lines and taps
• Drop line is connected between main line and node
• Tap is a connector that splices or punctures into main cable to create
contact with the metallic core
• Difficult to reconnect and manage faulty installation
 Networks: Physical Topology: Ring

• Each device has a dedicated point-to-point connection with

only two devices on either side of it
• When a device receives a signal intended for another device,
its repeater regenerates bits and passes them along
Networks: Physical Topology: 3
topologies in Hybrid network
 Network Types

• Criteria to define type of network

• Size
• Geographical coverage
• Ownership
 Network Types: LANs
• Usually, privately owned and connects hosts in a single office, building or
campus
• Each host has an identifier, an address, that uniquely defines the host in LAN
• Packet sent by a host to another host carries both the source host’s and
destination host’s addresses
• Switch is able to recognize destination address and forwards packets to
intended host
• Switch alleviates traffic in the LAN and allows more than one pair to
communicate with each other at the same time
• Speeds are normally 100 to 1000 Mbps these days
Isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub
 Network Types: WANs
• WAN has wider geographical span like spanning a town,
state, country or even the world
• Interconnects connecting devices like switches, routers,
modems etc.
• Privately owned by an organization usually
• 3 types of WANs
• Point-to-point WANs
• Switched WANs
• Internetwork
Point – to – point WAN and Switched WAN
 Network Types: WANs

• Rare to see LAN or a WAN in isolation

• Internetwork
• 2 LANs at different locations
• Connected through WAN that uses on lease
 Heterogeneous
network made of 4
WANs and 3 LANs
 Network Types: Switching

• Switch connects at least 2 links together

• Switch forwards data from one network to another
• Types
• Circuit switched network
• Packet switched network
 Network Types: Switching:
Circuit Switched network

Switch does not have storing capability; it only forwards

 Network Types: Switching:
Packet Switched network

Router is used for both storing and forwarding as the packet is an

independent entity
 Internet
• Internet is a collection of networks or network of
networks.
• Various networks such as LAN and WAN connected
through suitable hardware and software to work in a
seamless manner.
• The basic difference between WAN and Internet is
that WAN is owned by a single organization while
internet is not so.
Introdction 10/22/2021 44
 Historical Background

• One significant development was the ARPANET

(Advanced Research Projects Agency Network).
• Starting with four-node experimental network in
1969, it has subsequently grown into a network
several thousand computers spanning half of the
globe, from Hawaii to Sweden.
• Most of the present-day concepts such as packet
switching evolved from the ARPANET project.
Introdction 10/22/2021 45
The bandwidth was clearly a problem, and in the late
1970s and early 80s another new communication
technique known as Local Area Networks (LANs)

• LAN helped computers to communicate at high

speed over a small geographical area
• In the later years use of optical fiber and satellite
communication allowed high-speed data
communications over long distances.

Introdction 10/22/2021 46
 Accessing Internet

• Using telephone networks

• Dial-up Services
• DSL Service
• Using Cable Network
• Using Wireless Networks
• Direct Connection to the Internet
 Keywords
• Network
• internet
• Internet
• Intranet
Introdction 10/22/2021 48
 The Internet Today
• Internet Service Providers(ISP)

Introdction 10/22/2021 49
The Internet
Questions!!!